Pesticidal compositions and related methods

ABSTRACT

Pesticidal compositions are provided that include at least one pesticidal active ingredient and at least one organic solvent. Adjuvant compositions are provided for use with at least one pesticidal active ingredient that include at least one organic solvent. Methods of producing an adjuvant composition and pesticidal composition are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/786,846,filed Feb. 10, 2020 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No.16/185,578 filed Nov. 9, 2018 which claims priority to U.S. provisionalpatent application Ser. No. 62/583,626, filed Nov. 9, 2017 and U.S.provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/643,215, filed Mar. 15, 2018.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The control of various pests such as, for example, fungal infestationsand bacterial infections continues to be a major problem in pesticidaland horticultural fields. Particularly, genetic changes in pathogenicbacteria and fungi have generated resistance to the efficacy of manytypes of active ingredients. Fungicide and bactericide resistance haveparticularly become a major challenge rendering some pesticidalcompositions containing a fungicide or bactericide less efficaciousagainst certain fungi and bacteria. In an attempt to overcome thesechallenges, the end-user normally adds an adjuvant to the spray mixtureto improve the performance of pesticidals, however, such adjuvants mayincrease the cost and impact crop yield as well as the environment.Thus, there remains a need for low toxicity and crop safe adjuvantcompositions that increase the efficacy of pesticidal activeingredients.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

According to one aspect, a pesticidal composition is provided. Thepesticidal composition includes at least one pesticidal activeingredient and at least one organic solvent such as propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate,diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinolacetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methylsailcylate, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethylacetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, and any combination thereof.According to one embodiment, the at least one organic solvent is benzylacetate. According to one embodiment, the at least one organic solventin the pesticidal compositions as provided herein is benzyl acetate,benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, or anycombination thereof. According to one embodiment, the pesticidalcomposition increases the efficacy of the at least one pesticidal activeingredient compared to the at least one pesticidal active ingredientalone. According to one embodiment, the pesticidal composition increasesthe efficacy of the at least one pesticidal active ingredient by atleast about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more compared to the at least onepesticidal active ingredient alone. According to another embodiment, thepesticidal composition increases the efficacy of the at least onepesticidal active ingredient against a resistant or suceptible fungalstrain compared to the at least one pesticidal active ingredient alone.According to another embodiment, the pesticidal composition increasesthe efficacy of the at least one pesticidal active ingredient against aresistant or suceptible fungal strain by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%,20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95% or more compared to the at least one pesticidal activeingredient alone.

According to one embodiment, the pesticidal composition further includeswater, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, at least one emulsifier compound,at least one antifoaming compound, at least one antimicrobial agent, atleast one buffer, at least one corrosion inhibitor, at least onedispersing agent, at least one dye, at least one fragrant, at least onefreezing point depressant, at least one neutralizing agent, at least oneodorant, at least one penetration aid, at least one sequestering agent,at least one spray drift control agent, at least one spreading agent, atleast one stabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof. According to one embodiment, the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is a fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, insecticide,pesticide, plant growth regulator, or biopesticide. According to oneembodiment, the at least one pesticidal active ingredient is afungicide. According to one embodiment, the fungicide is benzimidazolecarbamates, dicarboximides, demethylation inhibitors, phenyl amides,morpholines, phosphothilates, dithiolanes, carboxamides (succinatedehydrogenase inhibitors), hydroxy-(2-amino-)pyrimidines,anilino-pyrimindines, N-phenyl carbamates, quinone outside inhibitors,phenylpyrroles, quinolines, aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatics,melanin biosynthesis inhibitors, hydroxyanilides, thiocarbamates,allylamines, polyoxins, phenylureas, quinone inside inhibitors,benzamides, enopyranuronic acid antibiotic, hexopyranosyl antibiotic,glucopyranosyl antibiotic, cyanoacetamide-oximes, carbamates,dinitorphenyl crotonates, pyrimindine-hydrazones, 2,6-dintiro-anilines,organo tin compounds, carboxylic acids, heteroaromatics, phosphonates,phthalamic acids, benzotriazines, benzene-sulfonamides, pyridazinones,thiophene-carboxamides, pyrimidinamides, carboxylic acid amides,tetracyline antibiotic, thiocarbamate, benzo-thiadiazole,benzisothiazole, thiadiazole-carboxamide, thiazole-carboxamides,benzamidoxime, quinazolinone, benzophenone, acylpicolide, copper,sulfur, dithicarbamates, phthalimides, chloronitriles, sulphamides,guanidines, triazines, quinones, mineral oils, organic oils, andpotassium bicarbonate.

According to one embodiment, the pesticidal composition includes fromabout from about 1% w/w to about 70% w/w of the at least one pesticidalactive ingredient, from about 39% w/w to about 93% w/w of the at leastone organic solvent; and from about 2% w/w to about 80% w/w of water,citric acid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate, at least one emulsifier compound, at least oneantifoaming compound, at least one antimicrobial agent, at least onebuffer, at least one corrosion inhibitor, at least one dispersing agent,at least one dye, at least one fragrant, at least one freezing pointdepressant, at least one neutralizing agent, at least one odorant, atleast one penetration aid, at least one sequestering agent, at least onespray drift control agent, at least one spreading agent, at least onestabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, at least one emulsifier compound,at least one antifoaming compound, at least one antimicrobial agent, atleast one buffer, at least one corrosion inhibitor, at least onedispersing agent, at least one dye, at least one fragrant, at least onefreezing point depressant, at least one neutralizing agent, at least oneodorant, at least one penetration aid, at least one sequestering agent,at least one spray drift control agent, at least one spreading agent, atleast one stabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof.

According to one aspect, an adjuvant composition is provided. Theadjuvant composition includes at least one organic solvent such aspropylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzylbutyrate, benzyl propionate, diethyl malonate,3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinol acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methyl sailcylate,hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethyl acetate, phenoxyethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, ethyl2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate, dipropylene glycolmonomethyl ether, and any combination thereof. According to oneembodiment, the at least one organic solvent in the adjuvantcompositions as provided herein is benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol,phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol,geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate, benzylpropionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene carbonate,3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, or any combinationthereof. The adjuvant composition, when combined with at least onepesticidal active ingredient, increases the efficacy of the at least onepesticidal active ingredient compared to the at least one pesticidalactive ingredient alone. According to one embodiment, the adjuvantcomposition, when combined with at least one pesticidal activeingredient, increases the efficacy of the at least one pesticidal activeingredient by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%,50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more compared to theat least one pesticidal active ingredient alone. According to anotherembodiment, the adjuvant composition, when combined with at least onepesticidal active ingredient, increases the efficacy of the at least onepesticidal active ingredient against a resistant or susceptible fungalstrain compared to the at least one pesticidal active ingredient alone.According to another embodiment, the adjuvant composition, when combinedwith at least one pesticidal active ingredient, increases the efficacyof the at least one pesticidal active ingredient against a resistant orsusceptible fungal strain by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, 30%,35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or morecompared to the at least one pesticidal active ingredient alone.According to one embodiment, the at least one organic solvent is benzylacetate. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant composition furtherincludes water, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, at least one emulsifier compound,at least one antifoaming compound, at least one antimicrobial agent, atleast one buffer, at least one corrosion inhibitor, at least onedispersing agent, at least one dye, at least one fragrant, at least onefreezing point depressant, at least one neutralizing agent, at least oneodorant, at least one penetration aid, at least one sequestering agent,at least one spray drift control agent, at least one spreading agent, atleast one stabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof. According to one embodiment, adjuvant includes about 0.0% w/wto about 2.0% w/w water, about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w potassiumhydroxide, about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w citric acid, about 0.0% w/wto about 2.0% w/w cocodimethylamine, about 20% w/w to about 99% w/w ofat least one organic solvent, and about 10% w/w to about 70% w/w of atleast one surfactant. According to one embodiment, the at least oneorganic solvent is benzyl acetate, propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, or any combination thereof. According to oneembodiment, the at least one surfactant is cocodimethylamine,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate. According to one embodiment, theat least one pesticidal active ingredient is a fungicide, bactericide,herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, plant growth regulator, orbiopesticide. According to one embodiment, the at least one pesticidalactive ingredient is a fungicide.

According to another aspect, a method of producing an adjuvantcomposition is provided. The method includes the step of introducing atleast one organic solvent to a container. The at least one organicsolvent includes propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, benzylacetate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate, diethyl malonate,3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinol acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methyl sailcylate,hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethyl acetate, phenoxyethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, ethyl2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate, dipropylene glycolmonomethyl ether, or any combination thereof. According to oneembodiment, the at least one organic solvent is benzyl acetate, benzylalcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, or anycombination thereof. The method may further include the step ofintroducing at least one additional component to the container, whereinthe at least one additional component is water, citric acid, potassiumhydroxide, cocodimethylamine, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, atleast one emulsifier compound, at least one antifoaming compound, atleast one antimicrobial agent, at least one buffer, at least onecorrosion inhibitor, at least one dispersing agent, at least one dye, atleast one fragrant, at least one freezing point depressant, at least oneneutralizing agent, at least one odorant, at least one penetration aid,at least one sequestering agent, at least one spray drift control agent,at least one spreading agent, at least one stabilizer, at least onesticking agent, at least one viscosity-modifying additive, at least onepreservative, at least one plasticizer, at least one hydrophobicbarrier, at least one UV protectant, at least one water soluble solvent,or any combination thereof. The method may further include the step ofattaching at least one set of instructions to the container. The atleast one organic solvent is introduced to the container in an amountsuch that the entire container contents may be added directly to a spraytank comprising at least one pesticidal active ingredient for form atank mix pesticidal composition. According to one embodiment, the atleast one organic solvent is benzyl acetate. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition increases the efficacy of the atleast one pesticidal active ingredient by at least about 25% compared tothe at least one pesticidal active ingredient alone. According to oneembodiment, the at least one pesticidal active ingredient is afungicide, bactericide, herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, plant growthregulator, or biopesticide. According to another embodiment, theadjuvant composition, when combined with at least one pesticidal activeingredient, increases the efficacy of the at least one pesticidal activeingredient against a resistant or susceptible fungal strain compared tothe at least one pesticidal active ingredient alone

According to one aspect, a tank mix pesticidal composition is provided.The tank mix pesticidal composition includes at least one pesticidalactive ingredient, at least one organic solvent, and water, spray oil,or a combination of water and spray oil. The at least one organicsolvent is propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate,benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate, diethyl malonate,3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinol acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methyl sailcylate,hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethyl acetate, phenoxyethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, ethyl2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate, dipropylene glycolmonomethyl ether, or any combination thereof. According to oneembodiment, the at least one organic solvent in the tank mix as providedherein is benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexylacetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate,propylene glycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycolmonomethyl ether, propylene carbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol,N-methylpyrrolidone, or any combination thereof. According to oneembodiment, the tank mix includes from about 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/wof at least one pesticidal active ingredient; from about 0.2% w/w toabout 2 w/w% of at least one organic solvent; and from about 80% w/w toabout 99% of water, spray oil, or a combination of water and spray oil.According to one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient is afungicide, bactericide, herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, orbiopesticide. According to one embodiment, the organic solvent is benzylacetate. The tank mix pesticidal composition increases the efficacy ofthe at least one pesticidal active ingredient compared to the at leastone pesticidal active ingredient alone. According to one embodiment, thetank mix pesticidal composition increases the efficacy of the at leastone pesticidal active ingredient by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95% or more compared to the at least one pesticidal active ingredientalone. According to another embodiment, the tank mix pesticidalcomposition increases the efficacy of the at least one pesticidal activeingredient against a resistant or suceptible fungal strain compared tothe at least one pesticidal active ingredient alone. According toanother embodiment, the tank mix pesticidal composition increases theefficacy of the at least one pesticidal active ingredient against aresistant or suceptible fungal strain by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%,20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95% or more compared to the at least one pesticidal activeingredient alone.

According to one aspect, an adjuvant composition for increasing theefficacy of a fungicidal active ingredient is provided. The adjuvantcomposition increases the efficacy of any fungicidal or bactericideactive ingredient as provided in one or more FRAC Groups. According toone embodiment, the adjuvant composition increases efficacy againstfungicidal resistant strains of fungi. According to one embodiment, theadjuvant composition increases efficacy against fungicidal susceptiblestrains of fungi. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositionincludes at least one organic solvent is propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate,diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinolacetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methylsailcylate, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethylacetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or any combination thereof.According to one embodiment, the adjuvant composition includes at leastone benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate,terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propyleneglycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethylether, propylene carbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol,N-methylpyrrolidone, or any combination thereof. The adjuvantcomposition, when combined with at least one fungicidal or bactericideactive ingredient, increases the efficacy of the at least one fungicidalor bactericide active ingredient against fungicidal or bactericideresistant or susceptible strains compared to the at least one fungicidalor bactericide active ingredient alone. According to one embodiment, thefungicidal or bactericide active ingredient is selected from the groupconsisting of methyl benzimidazole carbamates, succinate dehydrogenaseinhibitors, quinone outside inhibitors, demethylation inhibitors, andanilino-pyrimindines. According to one embodiment, the fungicidal orbactericide active ingredient falls within one or more of the FRACgroups that include Groups 1-15, 16.1, 16.2, 17-42, P, U, M, and NC.According to one embodiment, the fungicidal or bactericide activeingredient includes methyl benzimidazole carbamates, dicarboximides,demethylation inhibitors, phenyl amides, morpholines, phosphothilates,dithiolanes, carboxamides (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors),hydroxy-(2-amino-)pyrimidines, anilino-pyrimindines, N-phenylcarbamates, quinone outside inhibitors, phenylpyrroles, quinolines,aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatics, melanin biosynthesis inhibitors,hydroxyanilides, thiocarbamates, allylamines, polyoxins, phenylureas,quinone inside inhibitors, benzamides, enopyranuronic acid antibiotic,hexopyranosyl antibiotic, glucopyranosyl antibiotic,cyanoacetamide-oximes, carbamates, dinitorphenyl crotonates,pyrimindine-hydrazones, 2,6-dintiro-anilines, organo tin compounds,carboxylic acids, heteroaromatics, phosphonates, phthalamic acids,benzotriazines, benzene-sulfonamides, pyridazinones,thiophene-carboxamides, pyrimidinamides, carboxylic acid amides,tetracyline antibiotic, thiocarbamate, benzo-thiadiazole,benzisothiazole, thiadiazole-carboxamide, thiazole-carboxamides,benzamidoxime, quinazolinone, benzophenone, acylpicolide, copper,sulfur, dithicarbamates, phthalimides, chloronitriles, sulphamides,guanidines, triazines, quinones, mineral oils, organic oils, andpotassium bicarbonate. According to one embodiment, the adjuvantincludes about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w water; about 0.0% w/w to about2.0% w/w potassium hydroxide; about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w citricacid; about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w cocodimethylamine; about 20% w/wto about 99% w/w of at least one organic solvent; and about 10% w/w toabout 70% w/w of at least one surfactant.

According to another embodiment, the adjuvant composition, when combinedwith at least one fungicidal active ingredient, increases the efficacyof the at least one fungicidal active ingredient against a resistant orsusceptible fungal strain compared to the at least one fungicidal activeingredient alone. According to another embodiment, the adjuvantcomposition, when combined with at least one fungicidal activeingredient, increases the efficacy of the at least one fungicidal activeingredient against a resistant or susceptible fungal strain by at leastabout 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% compared to the at least one fungicidalactive ingredient alone.

According to another aspect, an adjuvant composition for increasing theefficacy of a bactericide active ingredient is provided. The adjuvantcomposition includes at least one organic solvent selected from thegroup consisting of benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethylalcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate,linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate, benzyl propionate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene carbonate,3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, diethyl malonate, orany combination thereof. The adjuvant composition, when combined with atleast one bactericide active ingredient, increases the efficacy of theat least one bactericide active ingredient compared to the at least onebactericide active ingredient alone. According to another embodiment,the adjuvant composition, when combined with at least one bactericideactive ingredient, increases the efficacy of the at least onebactericide active ingredient against a resistant or susceptiblebacterial strain by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%,45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% compared to the atleast one bactericide active ingredient alone. According to oneembodiment, the at least one bactericide active ingredient includesphthalimide and dithiocarbamate and the at least one organic solvent isdiethyl malonate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to exemplary embodiments thereof. These exemplary embodimentsare described so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, andwill fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in theart. Indeed, the present disclosure may be embodied in many differentforms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments setforth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that thisdisclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. As used in thespecification, and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”,“the”, include plural referents unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise.

As used herein, the term “adjuvant” refers to one or more organicsolvents that improve the desired performance of a pesticidal activeingredient.

As used herein, the term “pesticide” or “pesticidal” refers to crop use,turf use, ornamental use, homeowner use or similar use.

As used herein, the term “FRAC” refers to the fungicide resistanceaction committee.

As used herein, the term “FRAC Group” refers to groups of a list ofgroups of fungicides and bactericides according to their mode of actionand resistance risk. The FRAC groups are widely accepted in literatureand incorporated herein by reference. The FRAC groups include Groups1-15, 16.1, 16.2, 17-42, P, U, M, and NC. The FRAC groups include methylbenzimidazole carbamates, dicarboximides, demethylation inhibitors,phenyl amides, morpholines, phosphothilates, dithiolanes, carboxamides(succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors), hydroxy-(2-amino-)pyrimidines,anilino-pyrimindines, N-phenyl carbamates, quinone outside inhibitors,phenylpyrroles, quinolines, aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatics,melanin biosynthesis inhibitors, hydroxyanilides, thiocarbamates,allylamines, polyoxins, phenylureas, quinone inside inhibitors,benzamides, enopyranuronic acid antibiotic, hexopyranosyl antibiotic,glucopyranosyl antibiotic, cyanoacetamide-oximes, carbamates,dinitorphenyl crotonates, pyrimindine-hydrazones, 2,6-dintiro-anilines,organo tin compounds, carboxylic acids, heteroaromatics, phosphonates,phthalamic acids, benzotriazines, benzene-sulfonamides, pyridazinones,thiophene-carboxamides, pyrimidinamides, carboxylic acid amides,tetracyline antibiotic, thiocarbamate, benzo-thiadiazole,benzisothiazole, thiadiazole-carboxamide, thiazole-carboxamides,benzamidoxime, quinazolinone, benzophenone, acylpicolide, copper,sulfur, dithicarbamates, phthalimides, chloronitriles, sulphamides,guanidines, triazines, quinones, mineral oils, organic oils, andpotassium bicarbonate.

Pesticidal compositions for improving the desired performance of apesticidal active ingredient are provided. The pesticidal compositionsdescribed herein include at least one organic solvent, at least oneactive ingredient and, optionally, one or more additional components asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the pesticidalcompositions as provided herein are added to a spray tank such that astable tank mix pesticidal composition (i.e., spray tank mixture) isformed when the pesticidal composition and any other additional optionalingredients, such as water or spray oil, are combined in the spray tank.

According to one embodiment, the pesticidal compositions as providedherein are formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate formulation,aqueous suspension concentrate (suspension concentrate), emulsion inwater formulation, dry flowable, water dispersible granule, wettablepowder, soluble powder, oil dispersion, or concentrated aqueoussolution.

An organic solvent as provided herein is preferably not phytotoxic,approved for crop use by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) andsafe for end user mixing. Suitable organic solvents include, but are notlimited to, organic compounds within the chemical classes of carbonates,ester compounds, amide compounds, ketone compounds, and alcoholcompounds. According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent ispropylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzylbutyrate, benzyl propionate, diethyl malonate,3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinol acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methyl sailcylate,hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethyl acetate, phenoxyethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, ethyl2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate, dipropylene glycolmonomethyl ether, or any combination thereof.

According to a particular embodiment, the at least one organic solventprovided herein is benzyl acetate. The benzyl acetate as provided hereinmay be commercially available from various sources such as, for example,Sigma Aldrich. The benzyl acetate as provided herein may also be derivedfrom a natural source such as, for example, essential oils. Suitableessential oil sources include, but are not limited to, jasmine oil,ylang ylan oil, neroli oil, or any combination thereof.

According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is propylenecarbonate. According to another particular embodiment, the organicsolvent is N-methylpyrrolidone. According to one embodiment, the organicsolvent is benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexylacetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate,propylene glycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycolmonomethyl ether, propylene carbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol,N-methylpyrrolidone, or any combination thereof.

Other suitable organic solvents include, but are not limited to, acetateesters such as, for example, n-butyl acetate, iso-butyl acetate,n-pentyl acetate, iso-pentyl acetate, n-hexyl acetate, iso-hexylacetate, cyclohexyl acetate, phenyl acetate, n-heptyl acetate,iso-heptyl acetate, cyclohexylmethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzylacetate, benzyl salicylate, toluene, xylene, petroleum ether, vegetableoils, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acid anhydrides,acetonitrile, acetophenone, amyl acetate, 2-butanone, butylenescarbonate, 1, 2-butylene carbonate, diethylene glycol butyl ether,diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, dibasic ester mixture, dimethylsulfoxide, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether,ethylene carbonate, 3-ethoxy ethyl proprionate, ethylene glycoldiacetate, furfuryl alcohol, gamma-butyrolactone, methyl ethyl ketone,methyl isoamyl ketone, n-amy acetate, n-methyl-2-pyrrolione, propyleneglycol butyl ether, propylene carbonate, propylene, glycol methyl ether,propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, triethylene glycol, glycoldiether, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, alkyl esters ofacetic acid, diacetone alcohol, 1,2-dichloropropane, diethanolamine,p-diethylbenzene, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol abietate,diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide,1,4-dioxane, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether,dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, diproxitol, alkylpyrrolidone, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene carbonate, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2-heptanone,alpha-pinene, d-limonene, ethyl lactate, ethylene glycol, ethyleneglycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, gamma-butyrolactone,glycerol, glycerol acetate, glycerol diacetate, glycerol triacetate,hexadecane, hexylene glycol, isoamyl acetate, isobornyl acetate,isooctane, isophorone, isopropylbenzene, isopropyl myristate, lacticacid, laurylamine, mesityl oxide, methoxypropanol, methyl isoamylketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl laurate, methyl octanoate, methyloleate, methylene chloride, m-xylene, n-hexane, n-octylamine,octadecanoic acid, octylamine acetate, oleic acid, oleylamine, o-xylene,phenol, polyethylene glycol (PEG 400), propionic acid, propyl lactate,propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether,p-xylene, toluene, triethyl phosphate, triethylene glycol,xylenesulfonic acid, paraffin, mineral oil, trichloroethylene,perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propyleneglycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, methanol, ethanol,isopropanol, amyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, hexanol, octanol,ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,glycerol, pentaerythritol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide,glymes, acetone, Atlox™ 4915, Atlox™ PN-100, Zephrym™ PD3315, any of theTween™ L Series compounds, and combinations thereof.

According to one embodiment, the pesticidal compositions as providedherein include typically at least from about 39% by weight (w/w) toabout 93% by weight (w/w) of at least one organic solvent as providedherein. According to one embodiment, the pesticidal composition includestypically at least about 45% by weight (w/w) of at least one organicsolvent as provided herein. According to one embodiment, the pesticidalcomposition includes typically at least about 55% by weight (w/w) of atleast one organic solvent as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the pesticidal composition includes typically at least about65% by weight (w/w) of at least one organic solvent as provided herein.According to one embodiment, the pesticidal composition includestypically at least about 75% by weight (w/w) of at least one organicsolvent as provided herein. According to one embodiment, the pesticidalcomposition includes typically at least about 85% by weight (w/w) of atleast one organic solvent as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the pesticidal composition includes typically at least about90% by weight (w/w) of at least one organic solvent as provided herein.According to one embodiment, the pesticidal composition includestypically at least about 93% by weight (w/w) of at least one organicsolvent as provided herein.

According to one embodiment, the pesticidal compositions as providedherein include typically from about 5% by weight (w/w) to about 70% byweight (w/w) of the at least one pesticidal active ingredient asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the pesticidal compositionincludes typically at least about 10% by weight (w/w) of at least onepesticidal active ingredient as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the pesticidal composition includes typically at least about20% by weight (w/w) of at least one pesticidal active ingredient asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the pesticidal compositionincludes typically at least about 30% by weight (w/w) of at least onepesticidal active ingredient as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the pesticidal composition includes typically at least about40% by weight (w/w) of at least one pesticidal active ingredient asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the pesticidal compositionincludes typically at least about 50% by weight (w/w) of at least onepesticidal active ingredient as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the pesticidal composition includes typically at least about60% by weight (w/w) of at least one pesticidal active ingredient asprovided herein.

According to one embodiment, the pesticidal compositions as providedherein include typically from about 2% by weight (w/w) to about 80% byweight (w/w) of water, citric acid, potassium hydroxide,cocodimethylamine, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, at least oneemulsifier compound, at least one antifoaming compound, at least oneantimicrobial agent, at least one buffer, at least one corrosioninhibitor, at least one dispersing agent, at least one dye, at least onefragrant, at least one freezing point depressant, at least oneneutralizing agent, at least one odorant, at least one penetration aid,at least one sequestering agent, at least one spray drift control agent,at least one spreading agent, at least one stabilizer, at least onesticking agent, at least one viscosity-modifying additive, at least onepreservative, at least one plasticizer, at least one hydrophobicbarrier, at least one UV protectant, at least one water soluble solvent,or any combination thereof.

As provided herein, a pesticidal active ingredient is a fungicide,bactericide, herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, biopesticide, plantgrowth regulator or any combination thereof. The at least one pesticidalactive ingredient may be any active ingredient approved by theEnvironmental Protection Agency and registered under the FederalInsecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

According to one embodiment, the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is a fungicide or bactericide. According to one embodiment,the fungicide or bactericide is a FRAC Group 1-15, 16.1, 16.2, 17-42, P,U, M, or NC fungicide. The FRAC groups include methyl benzimidazolecarbamates, dicarboximides, demethylation inhibitors, phenyl amides,morpholines, phosphothilates, dithiolanes, carboxamides (succinatedehydrogenase inhibitors), hydroxy-(2-amino-)pyrimidines,anilino-pyrimindines, N-phenyl carbamates, quinone outside inhibitors,phenylpyrroles, quinolines, aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatics,melanin biosynthesis inhibitors, hydroxyanilides, thiocarbamates,allylamines, polyoxins, phenylureas, quinone inside inhibitors,benzamides, enopyranuronic acid antibiotic, hexopyranosyl antibiotic,glucopyranosyl antibiotic, cyanoacetamide-oximes, carbamates,dinitorphenyl crotonates, pyrimindine-hydrazones, 2,6-dintiro-anilines,organo tin compounds, carboxylic acids, heteroaromatics, phosphonates,phthalamic acids, benzotriazines, benzene-sulfonamides, pyridazinones,thiophene-carboxamides, pyrimidinamides, carboxylic acid amides,tetracyline antibiotic, thiocarbamate, benzo-thiadiazole,benzisothiazole, thiadiazole-carboxamide, thiazole-carboxamides,benzamidoxime, quinazolinone, benzophenone, acylpicolide, copper,sulfur, dithicarbamates, phthalimides, chloronitriles, sulphamides,guanidines, triazines, quinones, mineral oils, organic oils, andpotassium bicarbonate.

According to one embodiment, the fungicide is within the family ofstrobilurin fungicides. The strobilurin fungicides as provided hereininclude all fungicides within FRAC Group 11. According to a particularembodiment, the at least one pesticidal active ingredient is a fungicidesuch as, for example, azoxystrobin. According to another embodiment, theat least one pesticidal active ingredient is a fungicide such as, forexample, iprodione, oxytetracycline, bifujunzhi, coumethoxystrobin,coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, enoxastrobin,fenaminstrobin, fenoxystrobin, flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin,jiaxiangjunzhi, kresoxim-methyl, mandestrobin, metominostrobin,orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin,pyraoxystrobin, triclopyricarb, trifloxystrobin, methyl2-[2-(2,5-dimethylphenyloxymethyl)phenyl]-3-methoxyacrylate,pyribencarb, triclopyricarb/chlorodincarb, famoxadon, fenamidon,cyazofamid, amisulbrom, benodanil, bixafen, boscalid, carboxin,fenfuram, fluopyram, flutolanil, fluxapyroxad, furametpyr, isopyrazam,mepronil, oxycarboxin, penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxane, tecloftalam,thifluzamide,N-(4′-trifluoromethylthio-biphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-(2-(1,3,3-trimethylbutyl)phenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-[9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,diflumetorim, binapacryl, dinobuton, dinocap, meptyl-dinocap, fluazinam,ferimzone, ametoctradin, silthiofam, azaconazole, bitertanol,bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole,diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole,flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole,metconazole, myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole, penconazole,propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole,tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole,imazalil, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizole, pyrimidines, fenarimol,nuarimol, pyrifenox, triforine, aldimorph, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate,fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, piperalin, spiroxamine,fenhexamid, benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, kiralaxyl, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M(mefenoxam), ofurace, oxadixyl, hymexazole, octhilinone, oxolinic acid,bupirimate, benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole, thiabendazole,thiophanate-methyl,5-chloro-7-(4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine,diethofencarb, ethaboxam, pencycuron, fluopicolid, zoxamid, metrafenon,pyriofenon, cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil, fluoroimide,iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil,quinoxyfen, edifenphos, iprobenfos, pyrazophos, isoprothiolane,dicloran, quintozene, tecnazene, tolclofos-methyl, biphenyl, chloroneb,etridiazole, dimethomorph, flumorph, mandipropamid, pyrimorph,benthiavalicarb, iprovalicarb, valifenalate and 4-fluorophenylN-(1-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethanesulfonyl)but-2-yl)carbamate, propamocarb,propamocarb hydrochloride, ferbam, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb,thiram, zineb, ziram, anilazine, chlorothalonil, captafol, captan,folpet, dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, flusulfamide, hexachlorobenzene,pentachlorophenol, phthalid, tolylfluanid,N-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide,guanidine, dithianon, validamycin, polyoxin B, pyroquilon, tricyclazole,carpropamid, dicyclomet, fenoxanil, and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is a herbicide. Suitable herbicides include those from all ofthe major families of herbicide chemistry including but not limited tosulfonylurea, triazine, uracil, imidazoline, pyridine, and urea.Suitable herbicides include but are not limited to, 2, 4-D, clyopyralid,dicamba, fosamine, glyphosate, imazapyr, hexazinone, imazapyr,metsulfuron methyl, pcloram, sulfometuron methyl and other sulfonylureacompounds, triclopyr, ethofumesate, bifenzate, metribuzin, fenmedipham,desmedipham, thidiazuron, diuron, quinclorac, clodinafop, fenoxaprop,tralkoxydim, prosulfocarb, triasulfuron, prosulfuron, amidosulfuron,iodosulfuron, chlorsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, mesosulfuron, metsulfuron,sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, tribenuron, tritosulfuron, florasulam,metosulam, flumetsulam, pyroxsulam, dichlorprop-p, MCPA, mecoprop,mecoprop-p, MCPB, clopyralid, bromoxynil, bromoxynil-octanoate, ioxynil,ioxynil-octanoate, fluroxypyr, trifluralin, diflufenican, picolinafen,pendimethalin and triallate, tralkoxydim, triasulfuron, diflufenican,florasulam, pyroxsulam, pyroxsulam, bipyridyliums, diphenyl ethers(nitrophenyl ethers), triazines, uracils, phenylureas, nitriles, Stam(3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide, DCPA) and Alachlor(2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide), DCMU(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) and Rinuron(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea),thifensulfuromnethyl(methyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)-2-tanoate),Flazesulfuron (1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(3-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridylsulfonyl-)urea), Paraquatdichloride (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride), Diquatdibromide (6,7-dihydrodipyride[1,2-a:2′,1′c]-pyrazinediium dibromide),Bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil), Gesatop(2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine), Simetryn(2,4-bis(ethylamino)-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine), DBN(2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile-), Trifluralin (alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), Thiobencarb(Saturn) (S-p-chlorobenzyl diethylthiocarbamate), MCC(methyl-3,4-dichlorocarbe-nylate, NIP (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitro-phenylether), PCP (sodium pentachlorophenoxide), MDBA(3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid dimethylamine salt), 2,4-D sodiumsalt (sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate), 2,4 D Esters, Mapica([4-chloro-o-toluyl)oxy]aceto-o-chloroanilide, Bialaphos (sodium salt ofL-2-amino-4-[(hydroxy(methyl)phosphi-noyl]-butylyl-alanyl-N-alanine),Glufosinate (ammonium DL-homoalanin-4-yl(methyl)phosphinate), TCA sodiumsalt (sodium trichloronate), and combinations thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is an insecticide. Suitable insecticides include, but are notlimited to, organochlorines, organophosphates, azinphos-methyl,azinphos-ethyl, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos,diazinon, dimethylvinphos, dioxabenzofos, disulfoton, ethion, EPN,fenitrothion, fenthion, heptenophos, isoxathion, malathion,methidathion, methyl-parathion, paraoxon, parathion, phenthoate,phosalone, phosmet, phorate, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos,prothiofos, primiphos-ethyl, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, sulprofos,triazophos, trichlorfon, tetrachlorvinphos, vamidothion; carbamates,alanycarb, benfuracarb, bendiocarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan,fenoxycarb, furathiocarb, indoxacarb, methiocarb, pirimicarb, propoxur,thiodicarb, triazamate, organosulfurs, carbamates, formamidines,dinitrophenols, organotins, pyrethroids, acrinathrin, allethrin,bioallethrin, barthrin, bioethanomethrin, cyclethrin, bifenthrin,cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cycloprothrin, cypermethrin, cyphenothrin,deltamethrin, dimefluthrin, dimethrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate,etofenprox, flufenprox, halfenprox, protifenbute, fenpirithrin,fenfluthrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, furethrin,imiprothrin, metofluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin,gamma-cyhalothrin, permethrin, biopermethrin, transpermethrin,phenothrin, prallethrin, profluthrin, pyresmethrin, resmethrin,bioresmethrin, cismethrin, silafluofen, fluvalinate, tau-fluvalinate,tefluthrin, terallethrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin,alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin,zeta-cypermethrin, permethrin, nicotinoids, spinosyns, pyrazoles,pyridazinones, quinazolines, abamectin, acequinocyl, acetamiprid,amitraz, azadirachtin, bensultap, bifenazate, cartap, chlorfenapyr,chlordimeform, diafenthiuron, dinetofuran, diofenolan, emamectin,endosulfan, ethiprole, fenazaquin, fipronil, formetanate, formetanatehydrochloride, gamma-HCH, hydramethylnon, imidacloprid, indoxacarb,isoprocarb, metolcarb, pyridaben, pymetrozine, spinosad, tebufenpyrad,thiamethoxam, thiocyclam, pyridalyl, flonicamid, fluacypyrim,milbemectin, spiromesifen, flupyrazofos, tolfenpyrad, flubendiamide,bistrifluoron, benclothiaz, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, amidoflumet,flufenerim, cyflumetofen, acequinocyl, lepimectin, profluthrin,dimefluthrin, xylylcarb, bromopropylate, spirodiclofen, clofentezine,fenpyroxymate, hexythiazox, Fenvalerate(alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybe-nzyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanoate),Baythroid(cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopr-opanecarboxylate),DDVP (2,2-dichlorovinyldimethyl phosphate), Sumithion (MEP) (dimethyl4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate), Malathion(S-1,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)et-hyldimethyl phosphorodethioate), Dimethoate(dimethyl S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate), Elsan(S-[alpha-(ethoxycarbonyl)benzyl]dimethyl phosphorodithioate), Baycid(dimethyl 4-methylthio-m-tolyl phosphorothioate), Bassa(O-sec-butylphenyl methylcarbamate), MTMC (m-tolylmethylcarbamate),Meopal (3,4-dimethylphenyl-N-methylcarbamate), NAC (1-naphthylmethylcarbamate), Methomyl(S-methyl-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate), Cartap(SS′-2-dimethylamino trimethylene bis-(thiocarbamate), cinnamon leafoil, oregano oil, polyketide, pyrethrum, ryanodine, spinosad, spinosynA, spinosyn D, thymol, bacillus sphaericus, bacillus thuringiensis,bacillus thuringiensis aizawi, bacillus thuringiensis israelensis,bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis,nuclear polyhedrosis virus, granulovirus, lecanicillium lecanii,diatomaceous earth, borate, borax, boric acid, and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is a bactericide. Suitable bactericides include anypesticidally acceptable bactericide. Such bactericides include, but arenot limited to, validamycin, streptomycin, salmycin, envviromycin,2-phenylphenol, thymol, 4-tert-amylphenol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol,4-chloro-2-benzylphenol and 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol,1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT), carbendazim, chlorotoluron, mixturesof 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one with2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide(DBNPA), fluometuron, 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate (IPBC),isoproturon, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT), prometryn, andpropiconazole.

According to one embodiment, the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is at least one biopesticide. Suitable biopesticides includesthose derived from natural products (naturally occurring), such asanimals, plants, bacteria (e.g., Howler from AgBiome), and certainminerals. According to one embodiment, the at least one biopesticide issynthetic (not naturally occurring). The at least one biopesticide maybe used to control pests or the microorganisms that control pests.Suitable biopesticides include, but are not limited to, thebiopesticides registered as biopesticide active ingredients with theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Such suitablebiopesticides include, but are not limited to, cold pressed neem oil,ulocladium oudemansii, lavandulyl senecioate, calcium acetae,2-methyl-1-butanol, trichoderma asperellum, trichoderma gamsii,laminarin food use fungicide, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-yl acetate,abscisic acid, (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, coat protein gene ofplum pox virus, homobrassinolide, chenopodium ambrosoides, trichodermahamatum isolate, (Z,Z,E)-3,8,11-tetradecatrienyl acetate, cry1Ac in MON87701, bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa20, hydrogentated catmint oil,n-tetradecyl acetate, iron HEDTA, heptyl butyrate, sodium ferric EDTA,oriental mustard seed, Z-7-tetradeced-2-one, L-Lactic Acid, Pasteuriausgae, candida oleophila strain O, yeast, trimethylamine, indole,L-carvone, fox urine, calcium lactate, chenopodium ambrosioides, b.firmus, bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A.105, bacillus thuringiensisCry2Ab2, vipcot, vip3Aa19, E,E-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, bacillusthuringiensis modified Cray 3, R-octonol, indole-3-acetic acid, sorbitoloctanoate, methyl eugenol, potassium silicate, ammonium nonaoate,cuelure, ammonium bicarbonate, black pepper oil, iperine, citronellol,glycerol monocaprylate, propylene glycol, lysophosphatidylethanolamines,corn gluten meal, dipotassium phosphate, sucrose octanoate esters,silver nitrate, formic acid, xanthine, verbenone, fish oil, kaolin,canola oil, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, maple lactone, anthrquinone,acetic acid, iron phosphate, polyoxin D zinc salt, dihydroazadirachtin,and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is a plant growth regulator. Suitable plant growth regulatorsinclude, but are not limited to, ancymidol, azoluron,chlorflurenol-methyl, flurprimidol, forchlorfenuron, indolylbutyricacid, mefluidide, 1-naphthylacetamide, 1-naphthylacetic acid,2-naphthyloxyacetic acid (ester), paclobutrazol, thidiazuron, 3-CPA,4-CPA, BAP, butifos, tribufos, butralin, chlorflurenol, clofencet,cyclanilide, daminozide, dicamba, dikegulac sodium, dimethipin,chlorfenethol, etacelasil, ethephon, ethychlozate, fenoprop, 2,4,5-TP,fluoridamid, flurprimidol, flutriafol, guazatin, imazalil, karetazan,kinetin, lactidichlor-ethyl, maleic hydrazide, naptalam, quinmerac,sintofen, tetcyclacis, triiodobenzoic acid, triapenthenol, triazethan,tribufos, trinexapac-ethyl, uniconazole, propham and gibberillic acid,gibberellins and combinations thereof.

As provided herein, an at least one additional component is water,citric acid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate, at least one emulsifier compound, at least oneantifoaming compound, at least one antimicrobial agent, at least onebuffer, at least one corrosion inhibitor, at least one dispersing agent,at least one dye, at least one fragrant, at least one freezing pointdepressant, at least one neutralizing agent, at least one odorant, atleast one penetration aid, at least one sequestering agent, at least onespray drift control agent, at least one spreading agent, at least onestabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component isone or more surfactant. Such a surfactant may be one or more of an ionicand a non-ionic surfactant. Such surfactants may be used as anemulsifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetrant, protectivecolloid, or for other purposes. Suitable ionic surfactants for use withthe pesticidal composition described herein may include anionicsurfactants such as alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts ofsulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof.Suitable sulfonates include, but are not limited to,alkylarylsulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, ligninsulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates ofethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols,sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- andtridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes,sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates. Suitable sulfates include, but arenot limited to, sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylatedalkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acidesters. Suitable phosphates include, but are not limited to, phosphateesters. Suitable carboxylates include, but are not limited to, alkylcarboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, sulfatesand sulfonates.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component isone or more nonionic surfactant. Suitable nonionic surfactants include,but are not limited to, alkoxylates, N-substituted fatty acid amides,amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants,and mixtures thereof. Suitable alkoxylates include, but are not limitedto, compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides,arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have beenalkoxylated with from 1 to 50 molar equivalents of an alkoxylating agentsuch as, for example, ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), or acombination thereof.

According to another embodiment, the one or more nonionic surfactant isan alcohol initiated EO/PO block copolymer such as a butanol initiatedEO/PO block copolymer, which may also be known as a polyalkylene glycolmonobutyl ether, a poly(ethylene glycol-co-propylene glycol) monobutylether, or a propylene oxide ethylene oxide polymer monobutyl ether.According to one embodiment, the butanol initiated EO/PO block copolymermay have a degree of ethoxylation of from about 20 to about 30 and adegree of propoxylation of from about 20 to about 30. Suitable examplesof EO/PO block copolymers include, but are not limited to, Toximul® 8320available from Stepan (Northfield, Ill.), Termul® 5429 available fromHuntsman International LLC (The Woodlands, Tex.), Tergitol™ XD availablefrom Dow Chemical (Midland, Mich.), and Ethylan™ NS 500LQ available fromAkzoNobel (Chicago, Ill.).

According to one embodiment, the surfactant is one or more quaternaryammonium surfactant. Suitable quaternary ammonium surfactants includeARQUAD 2C-75 (available from Akzo Nobel, Chicago, Ill.), quaternaryammonium chloride salts, cocodimethyl and dicocodimethylammoniumchloride, and other coco-substituted quaternary ammonium salts.According to one embodiment, the surfactant is one or more alkyl,primary, secondary or tertiary amine. According to one embodiment, thesurfactant is one or more amine with alkyl groups or a linear alkenylgroups with a carbon number of 8 to 20. According to one embodiment, thesurfactant is derived from natural oil or fat. According to oneembodiment, the surfactant, includes one or more an oxyalkylene groups.Suitable amines include, but are not limited to, any of the ARMEENaliphatic amines (available from Akzo Nobel), mono-long-chainalkylamine, for example, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)cocoamine,bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-tallowamine, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)oleylamine, andbis(2-hydroxyethyl)laurylamine, polyoxyalkylenated long-chainalkylamine, for example, bis(polyoxyethylene(EOp=3 to 30))cocoamine,bis(polyoxyethylene(EOp=3 to 30))tallowamine, bis(polyoxyethylene(EOp 3to 30))oleylamine, bis(polyoxyethylene(EOp=3 to 30))laurylamine,bis(polyoxyethylene(EOp=3 to 30))palmstearylamine,bis(polyoxyethylene(EOp=3 to 10)polyoxypropylene-(POp=3 to 10)cocoamine,and bis(polyoxyethylene (EOp=3 to 10)polyoxypropylene (POp=3 to10)tallowamine. In the compounds described above, EOp represents anaverage addition mole number of ethylene oxide, and POp represents anaverage addition mole number of propylene oxide.

According to one embodiment, the surfactant includes one or morechelating agent and one or more cation compound. Combinations of oxalicacid and citric acid may be utilized due to the combination's action asan effective permeabilizer without exhibiting toxicity on exposure.According to one embodiment, citric acid lowers oxalic acid toxicity andalso functions as a permeabilizing agent.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component is atleast one inert formulation ingredient Suitable inert formulationingredients include, but are not limited to, dispersants, surfactantsand wetting agents. Additional composition components may also include,for example, one or more ingredients, which may be dissolved ordispersed in the composition and may be selected from acaricides,algicides, antifeedants, avicides, bird repellents, chemosterilants,defoliants, desiccants, disinfectants, herbicide safeners, flow agents,insect attractants, insect repellents, mammal repellents, matingdisrupters, molluscicides, nematicides, plant activators, plant growthregulators, rodenticides, semiochemicals, synergists, virucides,antifoam agents, antimicrobial agents, buffers, corrosion inhibitors,dispersing agents, dyes, fragrants, freezing point depressants,neutralizing agents, odorants, penetration aids, sequestering agents,spray drift control agents, spreading agents, stabilizers, stickingagents, viscosity-modifying additives, preservatives, plasticizers,hydrophobic barriers, UV protectants, water soluble solvents andmixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component is atleast one flow agent. Suitable flow agents include, but are not limitedto, clays such as kaolin, talc, diatomaceous earth and propylene glycol.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component is acomponent to aid in forming a film on the surface of a crop plant. Sucha film forming component may include, but are not limited to, celluloseacetate, cellulose acetate-succinate, cellulose acetate phthalate,hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose,carboxyethylcellulose, chitosan, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose,propylcellulose, butylcellulose, alkylcelluloses, phthalate and acetateesters of cellulose, hypromellose, hypromellose acetate succinate,hypromellose phthalate, xanthan gum, guar gum, gellan gum, gum arabic,carageenan, alginic acid (and its salts), acacia, tragacanth, polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrolidone, polyvinylacetatephthalate, methacrylic-acrylic acid copolymer and its alkyl esters orethers and combinations thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional componentincreases the adhesion of a particular component or composition to thetarget area (i.e., leaf). The adhesion component may aid in rainfastness. Suitable adhesion components include the film formingcompounds provided herein, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrolidone, orany combination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional componentincreases the penetration of the pesticidal active ingredient. Suitablepenetration components include, but are not limited to,oranosilicone-based surfactants.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component is acomponent that aids in drift control. Suitable drift control componentsinclude, but are not limited to, viscoelastic polymers.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component is asuitable base or pH control agent. According to a particular embodiment,the base is potassium hydroxide.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component is atleast one permeabilizing agent. According to one embodiment, the atleast one permeabilizing agent is at least one chelating agent.According to one embodiment, the at least one chelating agent isethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaaceticacid (DTPA), (hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA),nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), oxalic acid, citric acid, sugars, aminoacids, organic diacids, diamines, alpha ketoacids, alphahydroxyacids,aminodiacids, amino tri-acids, amino tetra-acids, t-dol amines, organicpolyacids (and their sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts), salts ofmaleic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, glycine, lactic acid, malicacid, succinic acid, dextrose, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, lactose,mannitol, glutaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, glycerol, humicacid, fulvic acid, sorbic acid, sorbose, ethylene diamine, 1,2diaminocyclohexane, trimethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, 1,2diaminopropane, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine,triaminodiethylamine, N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine, sodiumpolyphosphate, potassium polyphosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, sodiumhexametaphosphate and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional component iswater conditioning agent. Suitable water conditioning agents include,but are not limited to, pH buffering agents.

According to one embodiment, the at least one additional is at least onecomponent or chemical disclosed by Harris in U.S. Pat. No. 9,113,625 andMiles in U.S. Pat. No. 7,476,646, the contents of which are each hereinincorporated by reference.

A tank mix pesticidal composition is also provided. The tank mixcomposition may be applied directly to a target plant or pest. The tankmix pesticidal composition is particularly suited for direct applicationto at least one crop plant, the surrounding soil, turf, seed, or acombination thereof. The tank mix pesticidal composition reduces oreliminates at least one or more fungus, bacteria, weed, insect or otherpest.

According to one embodiment, the tank mix pesticidal compositionincludes at least one pesticidal active ingredient, at least onepesticidal active ingredient and at least one organic solvent. Accordingto one embodiment, the tank mix pesticidal composition further includeswater, spray oil, or a combination thereof.

The at least one organic solvent included in the tank mix pesticidalcomposition is any organic solvent as provided herein. Suitable organicsolvents include, but are not limited to, propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate,diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinolacetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methylsailcylate, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethylacetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or any combination thereof.According to a particular embodiment, the at least one organic solventincluded in the pesticidal composition is benzyl acetate. According to aparticular embodiment, the at least one organic solvent included in thepesticidal composition is propylene carbonate. According to a particularembodiment, the at least one organic solvent included in the pesticidalcomposition is N-methylpyrrolidone. According to one embodiment, the atleast one active ingredient in the tank mix pesticidal composition atleast one pesticidal active ingredient as provided herein. According toone embodiment, the at least one organic solvent in the tank mix isbenzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate,terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propyleneglycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethylether, propylene carbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl1-butanol,N-methylpyrrolidone, or any combination thereof.

The tank mix pesticidal compositions may be formed by combining at leastone organic solvent as provided herein, at least one pesticidal activeingredient, and optionally at least one of any variety of additionalcomponents as provided herein. According to a particular embodiment, theat least one organic solvent, pesticidal active ingredient, water, sprayoil, and any optional additional components may be added to a tank toform a tank mix pesticidal composition. At least one de-foamercomposition may be added to the pesticidal composition at the time ofmixing.

According to a particular embodiment, a tank mix pesticidal compositionis provided that includes from typically about 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/wof at least one pesticidal active ingredient. According to a particularembodiment, a tank mix pesticidal composition is provided that includesfrom typically about 0.2% w/w to about 2 w/w% of at least one organicsolvent. According to a particular embodiment, a tank mix pesticidalcomposition is provided that includes from typically about 80% w/w toabout 99% of a water, spray oil (e.g., phytobland or paraffinic oil), ora combination thereof.

The tank mix pesticidal compositions or as provided herein may beapplied to plant leaves as foliar sprays, or to plant shoots, or to thesurrounding soil or to seed. According to one embodiment, the tank mixpesticidal compositions as provided herein may be applied via a sprayerattached to a tank containing the pesticidal composition. According toone embodiment, the tank mix pesticidal compositions as provided hereinmay be applied via orchard sprayers, ground sprayers, row cropapplicators, electrostatic sprayers, drone sprayers, helicoptersprayers, airplaner sprayers, or any other sprayer combatible forspraying the compositions as provided herein on agricultural andhorticultural crops.

According to one embodiment, the tank mix pesticidal compositions asprovided herein may be applied via an irrigation system (chemigation).According to one embodiment, the tank mix pesticidal compositions asprovided herein may be applied as a drench treatment. According to oneembodiment, the tank mix pesticidal compositions as provided herein maybe applied as a wick system.

An alternative adjuvant composition is also provided. The adjuvantcompositions as provided herein may be utilized to improve the efficacyof at least one active ingredient such as a fungicide, bactericide,herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, or biopesticide. According to oneembodiment, the at least one pesticidal active ingredient may besufficient to reduce, halt, or eliminate growth of various target pestssuch as fungi, bacteria, insects, or weeds. According to one embodiment,the adjuvant compositions as provided herein may be utilized to improvethe efficacy of at least one pesticidal active ingredient such that thepesticidal active ingredient is more efficacious against at least oneresistant pest such as a fungi, bacteria, insect or weed compared towhen the active ingredient is utilized alone.

According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositions include at leaston organic solvent as provided herein. According to a particularembodiment, the at least one organic solvent included in the adjuvantcomposition is benzyl acetate. According to a particular embodiment, theat least one organic solvent included in the pesticidal composition ispropylene carbonate. According to a particular embodiment, the at leastone organic solvent included in the pesticidal composition isN-methylpyrrolidone. According to one embodiment, the at least oneorganic solvent included in the adjuvant composition is benzyl acetate,benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, or anycombination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositions as providedherein may further at least one additional component as provided herein.Particularly suitable additional components include, but are not limitedto, water, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (commercially available as Tween™21), at least one emulsifier compound, at least one antifoamingcompound, at least one antimicrobial agent, at least one buffer, atleast one corrosion inhibitor, at least one dispersing agent, at leastone dye, at least one fragrant, at least one freezing point depressant,at least one neutralizing agent, at least one odorant, at least onepenetration aid, at least one sequestering agent, at least one spraydrift control agent, at least one spreading agent, at least onestabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof.

According to one embodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typicallyat least from about 10% by weight (w/w) to about 98% by weight (w/w) ofat least one organic solvent as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typically at least fromabout 20% by weight (w/w) of at least one organic solvent as providedherein. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant composition includestypically at least from about 30% by weight (w/w) of at least oneorganic solvent as provided herein. According to one embodiment, theadjuvant composition includes typically at least from about 40% byweight (w/w) of at least one organic solvent as provided herein.According to one embodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typicallyat least from about 50% by weight (w/w) of at least one organic solventas provided herein. According to one embodiment, the adjuvantcomposition includes typically at least from about 60% by weight (w/w)of at least one organic solvent as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typically at least fromabout 70% by weight (w/w) of at least one organic solvent as providedherein. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant composition includestypically at least from about 75% by weight (w/w) of at least oneorganic solvent as provided herein. According to one embodiment, theadjuvant composition includes typically at least from about 80% byweight (w/w) of at least one organic solvent as provided herein.

According to one embodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typicallyat least from about 2% by weight (w/w) to about 90% by weight (w/w) ofat least one additional component as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typically at least fromabout 5% by weight (w/w) of at least one additional component asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositionincludes typically at least from about 10% by weight (w/w) of at leastone additional component as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typically at least fromabout 15% by weight (w/w) of at least one additional component asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositionincludes typically at least from about 20% by weight (w/w) of at leastone additional component as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typically at least fromabout 25% by weight (w/w) of at least one additional component asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositionincludes typically at least from about 35% by weight (w/w) of at leastone additional component as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typically at least fromabout 45% by weight (w/w) of at least one additional component asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositionincludes typically at least from about 55% by weight (w/w) of at leastone additional component as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typically at least fromabout 65% by weight (w/w) of at least one additional component asprovided herein. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositionincludes typically at least from about 75% by weight (w/w) of at leastone additional component as provided herein. According to oneembodiment, the adjuvant composition includes typically at least fromabout 85% by weight (w/w) of at least one additional component asprovided herein.

According to a particular embodiment, the adjuvant composition typicallyincludes from about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w water. According to aparticular embodiment, the adjuvant composition typically includes about0.4% w/w water. According to a particular embodiment, the adjuvantcomposition typically includes from about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/wcitric acid. According to a particular embodiment, the adjuvantcomposition typically includes about 0.2% w/w citric acid. According toa particular embodiment, the adjuvant composition typically includesfrom about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w potassium hydroxide. According toa particular embodiment, the adjuvant composition typically includesabout 0.2% w/w potassium hydroxide. According to a particularembodiment, the adjuvant composition typically includes from about 0.0%w/w to about 2.0% w/w cocodimethylamine. According to a particularembodiment, the adjuvant composition typically includes about 0.2% w/wcocodimethylamine. According to a particular embodiment, the adjuvantcomposition typically includes from about 20% w/w to about 99% w/w of atleast one organic solvent. According to a particular embodiment, the atleast one organic solvent is benzyl acetate, propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, or any combination thereof. According to aparticular embodiment, the adjuvant composition typically includes about74% w/w benzyl acetate. According to a particular embodiment, theadjuvant composition typically includes from about 10% w/w to about 70%w/w of at least on surfactant. According to one embodiment, the at leastone surfactant is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate. According to aparticular embodiment, the adjuvant composition typically includes about25% w/w polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate.

According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 0.1 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 1 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 2 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 3 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 4 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 5 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 6 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 7 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 8 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 9 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 10 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 11 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 12 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 13 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically at least about 14 fluid ounces/acre.According to a particular embodiment, the organic solvent is applied atan effective rate of typically less than about 15 fluid ounces/acre.

According to one aspect, a plant is provided that includes a pesticidalcomposition, adjuvant composition, or a tank mix pesticidal compositionon a surface thereof.

According to one aspect, a kit is provided. The kit includes a containerthat includes an adjuvant composition or pesticidal composition asprovided herein. The kit may optionally include instructions for use.

A method of producing an adjuvant composition for use in combinationwith at least one pesticidal active ingredient is provided. The methodincludes the step of introducing at least one organic solvent to acontainer. The at least one organic solvent includes propylenecarbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, benzylpropionate, diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethylbenzyl carbinol acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzylbenzoate, methyl sailcylate, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethylmalonate, ethyl acetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranylacetate, linalyl acetate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycoldiacetate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or any combinationthereof. According to one embodiment, the at least one organic is benzylacetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinylacetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycoldiacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether,propylene carbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone,or any combination thereof. The method optionally includes the step ofintroducing at least one additional component to the container. The atleast one additional component includes water, citric acid, potassiumhydroxide, cocodimethylamine, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, atleast one emulsifier compound, at least one antifoaming compound, atleast one antimicrobial agent, at least one buffer, at least onecorrosion inhibitor, at least one dispersing agent, at least one dye, atleast one fragrant, at least one freezing point depressant, at least oneneutralizing agent, at least one odorant, at least one penetration aid,at least one sequestering agent, at least one spray drift control agent,at least one spreading agent, at least one stabilizer, at least onesticking agent, at least one viscosity-modifying additive, at least onepreservative, at least one plasticizer, at least one hydrophobicbarrier, at least one UV protectant, at least one water soluble solvent,or any combination thereof. The method optionally includes the step ofattaching at least one set of instructions to the container.

The at least one organic solvent is introduced to the container in anamount such that entire contents of the container may be added directlyto a spray tank containing at least one pesticidal active ingredient.According to a particular embodiment, at least one organic solvent isbenzyl acetate. According to one embodiment, the adjuvant compositionincreases the efficacy of the at least one pesticidal active ingredientby at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%,60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more compared to the at leastone pesticidal active ingredient alone. According to one embodiment, theat least one pesticidal active ingredient is a fungicide, bactericide,herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, plant growth regulator, orbiopesticide.

According to one embodiment, the adjuvant composition is added or mixedwith the at least one active ingredient and water or spray oil in a tankat the time of spraying. According to one embodiment, limited amounts ofthe adjuvant composition are sufficient to increase the efficacy of theactive ingredient by reducing the potential for phytotoxicity andleaving a portion of the active ingredient in solid form for residualactivity.

A method of preparing a pesticidal composition is also provided. Themethod includes the steps of combining, within a container, at least oneorganic solvent as provided herein, at least one pesticidal activeingredient as provided herein, and, optionally, or more additionalcomponents as provided herein.

A method of enhancing the efficacy of a pesticidal active ingredient isprovided. The method includes the step of introducing at least oneadjuvant composition to at least one pesticidal active ingredient. Theat least one adjuvant composition includes at least one organic solventselected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate,diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinolacetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methylsailcylate, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethylacetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or any combination thereof.According to one embodiment, the at least one organic is benzyl acetate,benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, or anycombination thereof. According to one embodiment, the efficacy of theactive ingredient is increased by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 25%,30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% ormore compared to application of the pesticidal active ingredient withoutthe adjuvant composition. According to one embodiment, the at least oneactive ingredient is a fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, insecticide,pesticide, or biopesticide. According to one embodiment, the organicsolvent is benzyl acetate.

A method of improving the quality of at least one target plant isprovided. The target plant may be an agronomic plant, horticulturalplant or economically significant turf grass. The method includes thestep of applying a pesticidal composition to the surface of the at leastone plant, the surrounding soil, turf, seed, or a combination thereof.The pesticidal composition that is applied includes at least onepesticidal active ingredient and at least one organic solvent. The atleast one organic solvent may be propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate,diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinolacetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methylsailcylate, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethylacetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or any combination thereof.According to one embodiment, the at least one organic is benzyl acetate,benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, or anycombination thereof. The method improves the quality of at least onecrop by reducing or eliminating at least one or more fungus, bacteria,weed, insect or other pest thereby reducing such pressures and improvingthe quality of the crop. The at least one active ingredient utilized inthe method may be a fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, insecticide,pesticide, or biopesticide. According to a particular embodiment, theorganic solvent is benzyl acetate.

A method of increasing yield of a crop is provided. The method includesthe step of applying a pesticidal composition to the surface of the atleast one crop plant, the surrounding soil, turf, seed, or a combinationthereof. The pesticidal composition that is applied includes at leastone pesticidal active ingredient and at least one organic solvent. Theat least one organic solvent may be propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate,diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinolacetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methylsailcylate, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethylacetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or any combination thereof.According to one embodiment, the at least one organic is benzyl acetate,benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, or anycombination thereof. The method reduces or eliminates at least one ormore fungus, bacteria, weed, insect or other pest thereby increasingcrop yield. The at least one active ingredient utilized in the methodmay be a fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, orbiopesticide. According to a particular embodiment, the organic solventis benzyl acetate.

A method of reducing post blossom fruit drop is provided. The methodincludes the step of applying a pesticidal composition to the surface ofthe at least one crop plant, the surrounding soil, turf, seed, or acombination thereof. The pesticidal composition that is applied includesat least one pesticidal active ingredient and at least one organicsolvent. The at least one organic solvent may be propylene carbonate,N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl propionate,diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl benzyl carbinolacetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpinyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methylsailcylate, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethylacetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, propylene glycol diacetate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or any combination thereof.According to one embodiment, the at least one organic is benzyl acetate,benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, or anycombination thereof. The method reduces post blossom fruit drop byreducing or eliminating at least one or more fungus, bacteria, weed,insect or other pest. The at least one active ingredient utilized in themethod may be a fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, insecticide,pesticide, or biopesticide. According to a particular embodiment, theorganic solvent is benzyl acetate.

Although specific embodiments of the present invention are hereinillustrated and described in detail, the invention is not limitedthereto. The above detailed descriptions are provided as exemplary ofthe present invention and should not be construed as constituting anylimitation of the invention. Modifications will be obvious to thoseskilled in the art, and all modifications that do not depart from thespirit of the invention are intended to be included with the scope ofthe appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Throughout the Examples provided herein, the designation “ADJ1” refersto benzyl acetate and the designation “ADJ2” refers to alkylenecarbonate. Throughout the Examples, the organic solvent compositions(e.g., Benzyl Acetate Composition) include about 70% w/w of the statedorganic solvent and about 30% of an agriculturally acceptable surfactantsuch as, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate.

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted whichdemonstrated that formulations containing the adjuvant compositions ADJ1or ADJ2 in addition to a FRAC Group 11 fungicide, azoxystrobin(Quadris®), have at least greater than 25% reduction in radial growth ona resistant strain of Didymella sp. (gummy stem rot) compared totreatment with azoxystrobin (Quadris®) alone. The results are presentedin Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Quadris ® Adjuvant rate Rate 24 48 72 (fluid Quadris ® (fluidhours, hrs, hrs, oz/Acre) rate Additive oz/Acre) cm cm cm 11  .5× ADJ1 415.9 42 47.1 8 .37× ADJ1 4 16.6 43.3 49.5 5.5 .25× ADJ1 4 18.1 49 59.92.6 .12× ADJ1 4 17.9 58 70.9 11  .5× ADJ2 4 14.6 49.1 57.8 8 .37× ADJ2 420.3 45.4 53.5 5.5 .25× ADJ2 4 21.9 48.5 61.3 2.6 .12× ADJ2 4 22.4 46.559.6 22   1× none 0 24.9 54.3 72.3 16.5 .75× none 0 26.6 56.5 74.1 11 .5× none 0 24.8 59.9 75.4 5.5 .25× none 0 26 63.5 85.5 0   0×Untreated/control 0 26.9 74.1 88

EXAMPLE 2 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of azoxystrobin against both sensitive/susceptibleand resistant strains of Didymella sp. (gummy stem rot). To treat thesusceptible strain, the equivalent of 2 oz/acre of ADJ1 was shown togive comparable control to a FRAC Group 11 fungicide, azoxystrobin,alone (below effective rate for ADJ1). To treat the resistant strain,adding 2 oz of ADJ1 was shown to give twice as much growth reductioncompared to azoxystrobin alone at equivalent rates. Control of resistantstrain was shown to be comparable to azoxystrobin on susceptiblestrains. ADJ1 alone showed some efficacy but not at a commercial levelcontrol. A calcium complex did not add to growth reduction. The resultsare presented in Tables 2 and 3.

TABLE 2 Adjuvant Quadris ® 18 24 36 48 Rate (fl. Rate (fluid hours,hours, hours, hours, oz/acre) oz/acre) Name cm cm cm cm 0 0Untreated/Control - 23.9 37.2 52.6 64.2 sensitive 8 0 Calcium 19.6 25.142.9 51.9 Complex + ADJ1 0 14.0 Quadris ® 1× 10.1 11.8 25.8 31.9 0 12.75Quadris ® 0.75× 10.9 13.6 24.1 27.2 0 7.0 Quadris ® 0.5× 10.4 13.9 16.625 0 3.5 Quadris ® 0.25× 17.6 13.5 20.5 20.6 8 0 ADJ1 1× 15.7 21.3 40.650.1 6 0 ADJ1 0.75× 15.7 26.1 38.8 48.1 4 0 ADJ1 0.5× 17 23.7 32.3 46 20 ADJ 0.25× 19.9 24.9 39.3 47.9 4 14 ADJ1 0.5× + 8.4 13.9 19.1 24.6Quadris ® 1× 4 12.75 ADJ1 0.5× + 9 12.4 19.5 28.2 Quadris ® 0.75× 4 7.0ADJ1 0.5× + 14 16.1 25.5 31 Quadris ® 0.5× 4 3.5 ADJ1 0.5× + 14.5 17.524.1 27.6 Quadris ® 0.25×

TABLE 3 Quadris ® Adjuvant Rate 18 24 36 48 Rate (fl. (fluid hours,hours, hours, hours, oz/acre) oz/acre) Name cm cm cm, cm cm 0 0Untreated - resistant 29.5 38.4 51.6 66.4 4 0 Calcium Complex + 19.924.9 40.3 50.1 ADJ1 0 14.0 Quadris ® 1× 22.6 32 44.3 57.7 0 12.75Quadris ® 0.75× 29.7 37.5 49.4 62.5 0 7.0 Quadris ® 0.5× 30.1 37.4 50.964.2 0 3.5 Quadris ® 0.25× 30 38.4 49.6 64.5 8 0 ADJ1 1× 16.7 10.9 35.144.4 6 0 ADJ1 0.75× 18.9 23.4 35.4 45.9 4 0 ADJ1 0.5× 22.6 28.5 44.353.9 4 0 ADJ1 0.25× 20.6 30.2 42 51.2 4 14 ADJ1 0.5× + 13.5 9.7 21.924.9 Quadris ® 1× 4 12.75 ADJ1 0.5× + 13 12 19.6 28.2 Quadris ® 0.75× 47.0 ADJ1 0.5× + 18.5 17.6 28.4 35 Quadris ® 0.5× 4 3.5 ADJ1 0.5× + Q18.6 19.7 31.1 39.7 Quadris ® 0.25×

EXAMPLE 3 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare four rates of three adjuvant compositions (ADJ1, AJD2, and ADJ3(N-methylpyrrolidone)) on sensitive and resistant strains of Didymellaat a fixed treatment rate with a FRAC Group 11 fungicide, azoxystrobin.All three adjuvant compositions were shown to provide excellent controlof resistant strain at the lowest azoxystrobin label rates. The resultsare presented in Tables 4 (sensitive strain) and 5 (resistant strain)below.

TABLE 4 azoxystrobin 12 24 36 Rate (fl. Additive hours, hours, hours,oz/acre) Additive Rate cm cm cm Untreated 0 0 24.9 41.4 60.5 Sensitive22 0 0 15.8 22.9 31.9 16 0 0 13.4 20 28 11 0 0 12.5 16.9 23.6 5.5 0 015.3 24.9 34.3 7 ADJ1 8 11.3 16.8 21 7 ADJ1 4 15.6 22 28.9 7 ADJ1 2 12.816 21 7 ADJ1 1 13.8 19.5 25 0 ADJ1 0 24 41.1 54 7 ADJ2 8 15.1 21.8 27.57 ADJ2 4 14.6 21.5 30 7 ADJ2 2 15.5 24 31.1 7 ADJ2 1 17.4 25.3 32 0 ADJ20 24.3 39.6 53.6 7 ADJ3 8 15 21.1 27.6 7 ADJ3 4 14.9 21.8 29.6 7 ADJ3 217.3 24.9 30.1 7 ADJ3 1 17.1 25.1 32.6 0 ADJ3 0 22.8 41 54.1

TABLE 5 azoxystrobin 12 24 36 Rate (fl. oz/ Additive hours, hours,hours, acre) Additive Rate cm cm cm Untreated 0 0 31 49 70 Resistant 220 0 22 28 35 16 0 0 29 47 68 11 0 0 30 48 70 5.5 0 0 31 48 70 7 ADJ1 815 22 29 7 ADJ1 4 18 25 35 7 ADJ1 2 17 23 35 7 ADJ1 1 19 27 41 0 ADJ1 025 30 56 7 ADJ2 8 19 22 29 7 ADJ2 4 19 26 39 7 ADJ2 2 21 31 45 7 ADJ2 120 29 41 0 ADJ2 0 26 38 58 7 ADJ3 8 12 27 35 7 ADJ3 4 16 27 40 7 ADJ3 217 27 45 7 ADJ3 1 19 24 41 0 ADJ3 0 27 39 60

EXAMPLE 4 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Watermelon Didamella (Gummy Stem Rot) Field Test

Watermelon plants were inoculated with an azoxystrobin resistant strainof Didymella. The watermelon plants were then treated with: (a) a FRACGroup 11 fungicide, azoxystrobin alone; (b) azoxystrobin plus ADJ1; (c)azoxystrobin plus ADJ2; (d) azoxystrobin plus a typical commercialadjuvant (commercially available as Ad-Spray™); and (e) azoxystrobinplus chlorothalonil and commercial adjuvant (commercially available asAd-Spray™). Disease severity ratings were taken and illustrated improveddisease control of resistant strain with ADJ1 and ADJ2 compared totreatment with azoxystrobin alone, azoxystrobin plus commercialadjuvant, and azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil and commercial adjuvant,especially at lower rates of azoxystrobin. Severity rating were based onmultiple counts of active fungal infection sites on the leaves of theplants. The results are summarized in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 azoxystrobin Adjuvant One Two Third Fourth application Rate (fl.Week Week Week Week Treatment rate Adjuvant oz/acre) Rating RatingRating Rating Untreated 0 None none 11.8 18.4 42.6 64.9 azoxystrobin 22None 6 1.1 0.2 4.8 16.3 azoxystrobin 11 None 6 13.3 16.7 42 65.7azoxystrobin 5.5 None 6 9.2 16.9 63.3 82.8 azoxystrobin 22 ADJ1 6 0.50.6 5.1 8.4 azoxystrobin 11 ADJ1 6 0.6 0 0 3.2 azoxystrobin 5.5 ADJ1 64.4 1.5 10.9 18.7 azoxystrobin 22 Ad- 4 0.5 0.6 11 9.5 Spray ™azoxystrobin 11 Ad- 4 6.4 0 10.2 23.6 Spray ™ azoxystrobin 5.5 Ad- 4 9.33.4 39 60.6 Spray ™ azoxystrobin 22 ADJ2 6 3.9 1.2 1.5 5.1 azoxystrobin11 ADJ2 6 9.1 0.2 2.4 9 azoxystrobin 5.5 ADJ2 6 7.7 0.4 11.5 20.6azoxystrobin 22 Ad- 4 0 0 48 64.6 plus Spray ™ chlorothal azoxystrobin11 Ad- 4 1 0 4 42.9 plus Spray ™ chlorothal azoxystrobin 5.5 Ad- 4 8.7 010.1 58.8 plus Spray ™ chlorothal

EXAMPLE 5 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Watermelon Didymella (Gummy Stem Rot) Field Test

Watermelon plants were grown in normal field conditions subject toinfection by natural strains of Didymella. The watermelons where thentreated with: (a) a FRAC Group 11 fungicide, azoxystrobin alone; (b)ADJ1 alone; (c) azoxystrobin plus ADJ2; (d) azoxystrobin plus a typicalcommercial adjuvant (commercially available as Ad-Spray™); and (e)azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil and commercial adjuvant. Diseaseseverity ratings were taken and illustrated improved disease control ofnatural strains with ADJ1 compared to treatment with azoxystrobin aloneor azoxystrobin plus commercial adjuvant, and equivalent control toazoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil and commercial adjuvant. Some diseasereduction was observed with ADJ1 only. The results are summarized inTable 7 below.

TABLE 7 azoxystrobin Application Adjuvant One Two Third Fourth Rate (fl.Rate (fl. Week Week Week Week oz/acre) Adjuvant oz/acre) Rating RatingRating Rating Untreated 0 none none 0 14.4 96.1 100 azoxystrobin 11 none6 1.1 0 49.5 76.8 azoxystrobin 5.5 none 6 2.1 6.6 59.4 80.8 azoxystrobin11 Ad- 4 0 0 12.1 30.9 Spray ™ azoxystrobin 5.5 Ad- 4 0.9 1.5 54.4 76.4Spray ™ Adjuvant 0 ADJ1 6 1.1 8 38.9 48.7 Only azoxystrobin 11 ADJ1 60.2 0.2 0.9 3.4 azoxystrobin 5.5 ADJ1 6 6.8 2.2 17.8 25.1 azoxystrobin11 Ad- 4 0 0 0.6 5.9 plus Spray ™ chlorothalonil

EXAMPLE 6 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Soybean Cercospora (Frog Eye Leaf Spot) Field Test

Soybean plants were grown in normal field conditions subject toinfection by natural strains of Cercospora (known to be resistant toazoxystrobin) then treated with: (a) a FRAC Group 11 fungicide,azoxystrobin alone; (b) azoxystrobin plus ADJ1; (c) azoxystrobin plusADJ2; (d) azoxystrobin plus a typical commercial adjuvant (commerciallyavailable as Preference®). Disease severity ratings were taken andillustrated improved disease control with ADJ1 and ADJ2 compared totreatment with azoxystrobin alone or azoxystrobin plus commercialadjuvant. Duncan Multiple Range treatment of the data (indicated by “a,”“b,” “c,”, etc.) confirmed statistically valid different between thetreatment results. The results are summarized in Table 8 below.

TABLE 8 Severity Ratings August September September September SeptemberSeptember 31/Upper 7/higher 7/bottom 7/middle 13/bottom 20/higher leafLeaf leaf leaf leaf leaf Untreated 13.5 a 21.5 a 69.3 31.6 a 29 a 17.3 aAzoxystrobin 10.3 ab 16.3 a 35.5 b 3.2 c 18 b 11.3 b 0.5× Azoxystrobin 1c 4 b 38.8 b 1.9 c 5.3 d 3.3 c 0.5× + ADJ1 Azoxystrobin 1.5 c 2.3 b 36 b1.7 c 1.5 d 1 c 0.5× + ADJ2 Azoxystrobin 8 b 6.5 b 40.3 b 3.4 c 12 c 9.3b 0.5× + Commercial Adjuvant

EXAMPLE 7 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Corn Maydis (Southern Corn Blight) and Southern Corn Rust Field Test

Corn plants were grown in normal field conditions subject to infectionby natural strains known to be resistant to azoxystrobin then treatedwith: (a) FRAC Group 11 fungicides, azoxystrobin plus picoxystrobinalone; (b) azoxystrobin plus pixocystrobin plus ADJ1; (c) azoxystrobinplus ADJ2; and (d) azoxystrobin plus picoxystrobin plus a typicalcommercial adjuvant (commercially available as Preference®). Diseaseseverity ratings were taken and illustrated improved disease controlwith ADJ1 and ADJ2 compared to treatment with azoxystrobin alone orazoxystrobin plus commercial adjuvant. Duncan Multiple Range treatmentof the data confirms statistically valid different between the treatmentresults (indicated by “a,” “b,” “c,”, etc.) in Table 9 below.

TABLE 9 Days after Application Treatment Rate (fl. Severity Rating (DAT)oz/acre) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Untreated none 40.2 a 100 a100 a 84.8 a 55.2 a 100 a 100 a 91.2 a 76.4 a 70.8 a 67.2 a Azoxy- 7 0.2b 93.7 a 70.6 b 79.4 a 17.6 b 69.8 b 80.9 b 66.4 b 66.6 a 50.7 ab 25.4 bstrobin + Picoxystrobin 0.5× Azoxy- 7 0.2 b 54.6 c 24 c 13 c 1.4 c 3.5 e4.5 d 6.1 d 5.6 c 2.8 c 3.7 d strobin + Picoxystrobin 0.5× ADJ1 6 Azoxy-7 0 b 62.4 bc 25.3 c 10.5 c 1.5 c 3.1 e 2.4 d 3.4 d 5.1 c 2.3 c 3.6 dstrobin + Picoxystrobin 0.5× ADJ2 6 Azoxy- 7 0.2 b 98.5 a 74.7 b 59 ab19.6 b 55.3 c 47.2 c 45.7 c 37.4 b 39.9 ab 27.1 b strobin +Picoxystrobin 0.5× Commercial 6 Adjuvant

EXAMPLE 8 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Greenhouse Phytotoxicity (Crop Injury) Test

To evaluate the potential for ADJ1 to increase the risk for crop injury,watermelon, radish, and tomato plants were grown in the greenhouse andtreated with a rate of a FRAC Group 11 fungicide, azoxystrobin, equal tofour times the maximum label rate at weekly intervals. The data intables 10, 11 and 12 confirm that azoxystrobin at 4×rate plus ADJ1presented significantly less crop injury than azoxystrobin at 4×plustypical commercial adjuvant (commercially available as Preference®).Duncan Multiple Range treatment of the data (indicated by “a,” “b,”“c,”, etc.) confirmed statistically valid different between thetreatment results.

TABLE 10 Azoxystrobin Application Rate Adjuvant Rate Severity SeveritySeverity (fl. oz/acre) (fl. oz/acre) Rating Rating Rating Untreated -none none 0 d 0 e 0 c Watermelon azoxystrobin 56 24 3 cd 2.8 e 1.3 c4× + ADJ1 azoxystrobin 56 24 15.8 b 23.8 b 38.8 b 4× + CommercialAdjuvant

TABLE 11 Azoxystrobin Adjuvant Application Rate Rate (fl. SeveritySeverity Severity (fl. oz/acre) oz/acre) Rating Rating RatingUntreated - none none 0 d 0 e 0 c Radish azoxystrobin 56 24  2.3 cd  9.5d  2.5 c 4× + ADJ1 azoxystrobin 56 24 20.8 a 32.8 a 37.5 b 4× +Commercial Adjuvant

TABLE 12 Azoxystrobin Application Rate Adjuvant Rate Severity SeveritySeverity (fl. oz/acre) (fl. oz/acre) Rating Rating Rating Untreated -none none 0 d 0 e 0 c Tomato azoxystrobin 56 24 1.5 cd 2.8 e 6 c 4× +ADJ1 azoxystrobin 56 24 16.8 b 20 c 10.5 c 4× + Commercial Adjuvant

EXAMPLE 9 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Citrus Post Bloom Fruit Drop

Efficacy of azoxystrobin, with or without ADJ1 or alternate commercialadjuvant (Activator 90) was tested against post bloom fruit drop causalagent, Colletotrichum acutatum, on Valencia oranges grown in acommercial orchard in Lake Wales, Florida. The FRAC Group 11 fungicide,azoxystrobin (Abound®) was utilized and was commercially available fromSyngenta. Trees were spaced 12.5 feet apart on 25 feet wide beds andtreated with foliar sprays with a single D6 nozzle on a handboom at avolume of 100 GPA weekly for four weeks. Colletotrichum-infected flowerswere counted weekly. The trees treated with the higher rate of thecombination of azoxystrobin and ADJ1 had the fewest infected flowers.Infected flower counts were significantly highest on the untreatedorange trees but lowest for trees treated with the high rate ofazoxystrobin with ADJ1. The results are summarized in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Number of Infected Flowers Days after treatment (DAT) 0 7 15 2027 36 Untreated 33 33.4 30.8 30.4 29.7 22.4 azoxystrobin (Abound ®) 26.627.5 11.1 8.3 5.9 4.5 15.5 fl. oz plus adjuvant (Activator 90)azoxystrobin (Abound ®) 29.6 29.1 7.5 3.1 2.1 1.5 15.5 fl. oz plus ADJ1

EXAMPLE 10 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 3)

Wheat Stripe Rust Control and Yield

Wheat was grown in normal field conditions subject to infection bynatural strains known to be resistant to tebuconazole (demethylationinhibitor, dicofenoconazole, a triazole, and member of FungicideResistance Action Committee (FRAC) Group 3). The wheat was treated with:(a) tebuconazole (commercially available as Folicur®) plus commercialadjuvant ((commercially available as Preference®); (b) tebuconazole plusADJ1; (c) a pre-formulated adjuvant composition of tebuconazole plusADJ1. Disease severity ratings were taken and illustrated improveddisease control with ADJ1 as well as ADJ1 pre-formulated withtebuconazole compared to treatment with tebuconazole plus commercialadjuvant. Duncan Multiple Range (DMR) treatment of the data (indicatedby “a,” “b,” “c,”, etc.) confirms statistically valid difference betweenthe treatment results. To assess the effect on yield, the wheat washarvested and weighed. The results are summarized in the Tables 14 and15 below.

TABLE 14 21 Days After Treatment 28 Days 35 Days Appli- After Aftercation DMR Treatment Treatment Rate (fl. Severity Statistical SeveritySeverity Treatment oz/rate) Rating Group Rating DMR Rating DMR 1Untreated none 29.7 a 49   a 64.3 a 2 Tebuconazole 2 10.2 b 20.3 b 33.2b non-ionic 4 surfactant 3 Tebuconazole 2  1.2 c  3.3 c 10.9 c ADJ1 6 4Tebuconazole 2  0.4 c  2.2 c  8.7 c plus ADJ1 (pre- formulated)

TABLE 15 Percent DMR DMR Improve- Yield Statistical Yield Statisticalment Treatment Pounds Group Bushels Group vs NIS 1 Untreated 6.4 c 25.1c 2 Tebuconazole 12.55 b 49.2 b plus non-ionic surfactant 3 Tebuconazole14.78 ab 57.9 ab 18% plus ADJ1 4 Tebuconazole 15.98 a 62.6 a 27% plusADJ1 (pre- formulated)

EXAMPLE 11 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 3)

Peanuts Sclerotenia Control

Peanuts were grown in the field using typical pesticidal practices andtreated with Provost® Opti (commercially available) which is a mixtureof FRAC Group 3 fungicides, tebuconazole and prothioconazole. Theaddition of ADJ1 statistically reduced the presence of Sclerotenia,generally referred to as White Mold which is a significant disease inpeanuts compared to Provost combined with a commercially availableadjuvant (commercially available as Induce®). Duncan Multiple Range(DMR) treatment of the data (indicated by “a,” “b,” “c,”, etc.) confirmsstatistically valid difference between the treatment results. The datais presented in Table 16 below.

TABLE 16 Application Treatment Treatment Rate (fl. Severity StatisticalNo. Name oz/acre) Rating Group 1 Untreated none 18.13 a 2 Provost ® Opti8 4.37 c ADJ1 6 3 Provost ® Opti 8 6.77 bc ADJ1 4 4 Provost ® Opti 89.72 ab ADJ1 2 5 Provost ® Opti 8 12.33 ab Induce ® 6

EXAMPLE 12 Peanut Late Leaf Spot Control

Fungicide Testing (FRAC Groups 7 and 11)

Peanuts were grown in the field using typical pesticidal practices andtreated with Priaxor® which is a fungicidal mixture of pyraclostrobinand fluxapyroxad (corresponding to Fungicide Resistance Action Committee(FRAC) Groups 7 and 11). The addition of the organic solvent adjuvant,ADJ1, statistically reduced the presence of Cercosporidium, commonlycalled Late Leaf Spot, a significant fungal disease in peanuts. DuncanMultiple Range (DMR) treatment of the data (indicated by “a,” “b,” “c,”,etc.) confirms statistically valid difference between the treatmentresults (at 90%) when the organic solvent adjuvant, ADJ1, is combinedwith the FRAC Groups 7 and 11 fungicides. The results are summarized inTable 17 below.

TABLE 17 Application Treatment Rate (fl. Severity Statistical NumberFungicide oz/acre) Rating Group 1 Untreated none 360.758 a 2 Priaxor ® 6241.830 d ADJ1 6 3 Priaxor ® 6 247.484 cd ADJ1 4 4 Priaxor ® 6 239.317 dADJ1 2 5 Priaxor ® 6 268.748 c Induce 6

EXAMPLE 13 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 11)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of azoxystrobin (a strobilurin, quinone outsideinhibitor (QOI), and member of Fungicide Resistance Action Committee(FRAC) Group 11) against resistant strains of Didymella sp. (gummy stemrot). Various organic solvents (adjuvants) were utilized at varyingrates (6 fluid ounces/acre or 3 ounces/acre). The results are summarizedin Table 18 and show the organic solvents provide a substantialresistant strain growth reduction compared to a FRAC Group 11 activeingredient utilized alone.

TABLE 18 Improve- Radial Adjuvant ment at growth Quadris ® Rate same(cm) Rate (fluid rate of at 48 (fluid oz oz per Quadris ® Treatment Namehours per acre) acre) (%) Untreated 28.9 0 0 Quadris ® only 18.9 12 0Quadris ® only 25.9 6 0 Benzyl Acetate Composition 5.8 12 6 70% plusQuadris ® Benzyl Acetate Composition 8.0 6 6 69% plus Quadris ® BenzylAcetate Composition 20.9 0 6 28% only Benzyl Alcohol Composition 4.8 126 75% plus Quadris ® Benzyl Alcohol Composition 6.6 6 6 74% plusQuadris ® Benzyl Alcohol Composition 25.1 0 6 13% only Phenyl EthylAlcohol 4.7 12 6 75% Composition plus Quadris ® Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol 5.86 6 77% Composition plus Quadris ® Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol 20.1 0 6 30%Composition only Hexyl Acetate Composition 6.4 12 6 66% plus Quadris ®Hexyl Acetate Composition 7.9 6 6 69% plus Quadris ® Hexyl AcetateComposition 26.7 0 6 8% only Terpinyl Acetate 4.8 12 6 75% Compositionplus Quadris ® Terpinyl Acetate 6.6 6 6 74% Composition plus Quadris ®Terpinyl Acetate 18.9 0 6 35% Composition only Terpineol Compositionplus 4.5 12 6 76% Quadris ® Terpineol Composition plus 5.9 6 6 77%Quadris ® Terpineol Composition only 20.8 0 6 28% Geranyl Acetate 7.6 126 60% Composition plus Quadris ® Geranyl Acetate 9.2 6 6 64% Compositionplus Quadris ® Geranyl Acetate 26.9 0 6 7% Composition only LinalylAcetate Composition 4.3 12 6 77% plus Quadris ® Linalyl AcetateComposition 10.8 6 6 58% plus Quadris ® Linalyl Acetate Composition 18.90 6 35% only Propylene Glycol Diacetate 4.3 12 6 78% Composition plusQuadris ® Propylene Glycol Diacetate 9.8 6 6 62% Composition plusQuadris ® Propylene Glycol Diacetate 19.9 0 6 31% Composition only 0.5xBenzyl alcohol 4.2 12 3 78% Composition plus Quadris ® 0.5x Benzylalcohol 6.8 6 3 74% Composition plus Quadris ® 0.5x Benzyl Acetate 8.312 3 56% Composition plus Quadris ® 0.5x Benzyl Acetate 9.8 6 3 62%Composition plus Quadris ®

EXAMPLE 14 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 3)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of tebuconazole (demethylation inhibitor,dicofenoconazole, a triazole, and member of Fungicide Resistance ActionCommittee (FRAC) Group 3) against resistant strains of Rhizoctoniasolani (brown patch, stem rot, and/or root rot). Various organicsolvents (adjuvants) were utilized at 6 fluid ounces/acre and comparedwith just the active ingredient alone. The results are summarized inTable 19 and show the organic solvents provide a substantial resistantstrain growth reduction compared to a FRAC Group 3 active ingredientutilized alone.

TABLE 19 Radial Improvement growth % at same rate (cm) Reduction of at48 in Radial Tebuconazole Treatment Name hours Growth (%) Untreated15.72 n/a n/a Tebuconazole only (4 oz/acre) 7.8 50% n/a Tebuconazoleonly (2 oz/acre) 10.72 32% n/a Benzyl Proprionate Composition 3.58 77%53% plus Tebuconazole (4 oz/acre) Benzyl Proprionate Composition 4.0274% 134%  plus Tebuconazole (2 oz/acre) Benzyl Proprionate Composition5.13 67% n/a only DPM Glycol Ether Composition 3.25 79% 57% plusTebuconazole (4 oz/acre) DPM Glycol Ether Composition 4.17 73% 131% plus Tebuconazole (2 oz/acre) DPM Glycol Ether Composition 15.75 0% n/aonly Benzyl Alcohol Composition plus 3.47 78% 55% Tebuconazole (4oz/acre) Benzyl Alcohol Composition plus 4.5 71% 124%  Tebuconazole (2oz/acre) Benzyl Alcohol Composition only 5.85 63% n/a PropyleneCarbonate Composition 3.38 78% 56% plus Tebuconazole (4 oz/acre)Propylene Carbonate Composition 4.57 71% 123%  plus Tebuconazole (2oz/acre) Propylene Carbonate Composition 14.72 6% n/a only BenzylAcetate Composition plus 3.63 77% 53% Tebuconazole (4 oz/acre) BenzylAcetate Composition plus 5.52 65% 104%  Tebuconazole (2 oz/acre) BenzylAcetate Composition only 10.68 32% 35% 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol 6.0861% 22% Composition plus Tebuconazole 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol 8.8344% 38% Composition plus Tebuconazole 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol 14.786% 28% Composition only N-methyl pyrollidone Composition 4.82 69% 38%plus Tebuconazole N-methyl pyrollidone Composition 10.38 34%  7% plusTebuconazole N-methyl pyrollidone Composition 15.92  −1%   n/a only

EXAMPLE 15 Herbicide Burndown Testing

Burndown (BD) testing was conducted on Morning Glory (MG), Goosegrass(GG), Florida Beggarweed (FB) with an herbicide, Gramoxone®(paraquat—N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride). Various amountsof Crop Oil Concentrate™ (COC) and an organic solvent adjuvant, BenzylAcetate (BA), were utilized in conjunction with the herbicide. Crop OilConcentrate™ (COC) is commonly used to enhance the deposition andspreading of herbicides on the leaf surface. The Crop Oil Concentrate™(COC) included paraffinic petroleum oil, tall oil fatty acids andalkylphenol ethoxylates. The results are summarized in Table 20 and showa substantial increase in burndown rate when the organic solventadjuvant is combined with an herbicide. The results also show asubstantial increase in burndown rate compared to the combination ofherbicide and Crop Oil Concentrate™ (COC).

TABLE 20 Improvement Improvement Improvement at same rate at same rateat same rate BD BD BD of paraquat, of paraquat, of paraquat, (MG) (GG)(FG) BD (MG) BD (GG) BD (FG) Treatment (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Paraquatonly (2 pts/acre) 81 100 100 Paraquat (2 pts/acre) plus 88 100 100  9% 0%  0% Benzyl Acetate Composition (6 oz/acre) Paraquat (2pts/acre) plus94 100 100 16%  0%  0% Benzyl Acetate Composition (12 oz/acre) Paraquat(2 pts/acre) plus 91 100 100 12%  0%  0% Benzyl Acetate Composition (24oz/acre) Paraquat (2 pts/acre) plus 55 71 75 −32%  −29%  −25%  COC (25oz/acre) Paraquat (1 pt/acre) 51 72 64 Paraquat (1 pt/acre) plus 78 8478 77% 83% 77% Benzyl Acetate Composition (6 oz/acre) Paraquat (1pt/acre) plus 81 85 80 80% 84% 79% Benzyl Acetate Composition (12oz/acre) Paraquat (1 pt/acre) plus 75 82 83 74% 81% 82% Benzyl AcetateComposition (24 oz/acre) Paraquat (1 pt/acre) plus 44 65 60 43% 64% 59%COC (25 oz/acre) Paraquat (0.5 pt/acre) 50 60 47 Paraquat (0.5 pt/acre)plus 84 88 85 68% 47% 81% Benzyl Acetate Composition (6 oz/acre)Paraquat (0.5 pt/acre) plus 80 82 78 60% 37% 66% Benzyl AcetateComposition (12 oz/acre) Paraquat (0.5 pt/acre) plus 88 87 90 76% 45%91% Benzyl Acetate Composition (24 oz/acre) Paraquat (0.5 pt/acre) plus40 35 51 −20%  −42%   9% COC (25 oz/acre)

EXAMPLE 16 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 1)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of Topsin® (thiophanate methyl which is athiphanate, methyl benzimidazole carbamate, and member of FungicideResistance Action Committee (FRAC) Group 1) against susceptible strainsof Botrytis cinera (grey mold). The organic solvent adjuvant utilizedwas benzyl acetate. The non-ionic, low foaming surfactant/penetrant, LI700®, was utilized in combination with the Topsin® in two of thetreatments and applied at a rate of 32 fl oz/100 gallons. Theeffectiveness of benzyl acetate at an application rate of 6 oz/acre wascompared with the effectiveness of LI 700® when combined with Topsin®.The results are summarized in Table 21 and show the organic solventprovides a substantial strain growth reduction compared to a FRAC Group1 active ingredient utilized in combination with LI 700®.

TABLE 21 Radial Topsin ® growth % Improvement in Application (cm)Disease Control vs. Rate at 48 LI 700 ® at same Treatment Name (oz/acre)hours rate of Topsin ® Topsin ® and LI 700 ® 1.0 36 n/a Topsin ® and LI700 ® 0.5 39 n/a Benzyl Acetate plus Topsin® 1.0 9 75% Benzyl Acetateplus Topsin ® 0.5 13 67%

EXAMPLE 17 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 9)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of Scala® (pyrimethanil, an anilinopyrimidine andmember of Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Group 9) againstsusceptible strains of Botrytis cinera (grey mold). The organic solventadjuvant utilized was benzyl acetate. The non-ionic, low foamingsurfactant/penetrant, LI 700®, was utilized in combination with theTopsin® in two of the trials and applied at a rate of 32 fl oz/100gallons. The results are summarized in Table 22 and show the organicsolvent, benzyl acetate (6 oz/acre), provides a substantial straingrowth reduction compared to a FRAC Group 9 active ingredient utilizedalone.

TABLE 22 Scala ® Radial % Improvement in Application growth DiseaseControl vs. Rate (cm) at LI 700 ® at same rate Treatment Name (oz/acre)48 hours of Scala ® Scala ® and LI 700 ® 18 17 n/a Scala ® and LI 700 ®9 23 n/a Benzyl Acetate plus Scala ® 18 3 82% Benzyl Acetate plusScala ® 9 3 87%

EXAMPLE 18 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group 7)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of Fontelis® (penthiopyrad which is a carboxamideand member of Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Group 7)against susceptible strains of Botrytis cinera (grey mold). The organicsolvent adjuvant utilized was benzyl acetate. The non-ionic, low foamingsurfactant/penetrant, LI 700®, was utilized in combination with theTopsin® in two of the trials and applied at a rate of 32 fl oz/100gallons. The results are summarized in Table 23 and show the organicsolvent, benzyl acetate (6 oz/acre), provides a substantial straingrowth reduction compared to a FRAC Group 7 active ingredient utilizedalone.

TABLE 23 % Improvement Radial in Disease Fontelis ® growth Control vs.Application (cm) LI 700 ® at Rate at 48 same rate of Treatment Name(oz/acre) hours Fontelis ® Fontelis ® and LI 700 ® 24 25 n/a Fontelis ®and LI 700 ® 12 30 n/a Benzyl Acetate plus Fontelis ® 24 7 65% BenzylAcetate plus Fontelis ® 12 13 55%

EXAMPLE 19 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group M)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of the combination of Captan (phthalimide andmember of Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Group M4) andThiram (tetramethylthiuram disulfide, dithiocarbamate and member ofFungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Group M3) againstsusceptible strains of Botrytis cinera (grey mold). The organic solventadjuvants utilized were benzyl acetate and DPM Glycol Ether. Thenon-ionic, low foaming surfactant/penetrant, LI 700®, was utilized incombination with the Captan/Thiram in two of the trials and applied at arate of 32 fl oz/100 gallons. The results are summarized in Table 24 andshow the organic solvents provide a substantial strain growth reductioncompared to a FRAC Group M active ingredient utilized alone.

TABLE 24 % Improvement Radial in Disease Captan/Thiram growth Controlvs. LI Application (cm) 700 ® at same Rate at 48 rate of Treatment Name(lbs/acre) hours Captan/Thiram Captan/Thiram and LI 700 ® 6.0/4.4 6 n/aCaptan/Thiram and LI 700 ® 3.0/2.2 12 n/a Benzyl Acetate (6.0 oz/acre)6.0/4.4 3 50% plus Captan/Thiram Benzyl Acetate (6.0 oz/acre) 3.0/2.2 11 8% plus Captan/Thiram

EXAMPLE 20 Bactericide Testing

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of a copper hydroxide bactericide (Kocide® 3000)against susceptible strains of xanthamonas. The organic solvent adjuvantutilized was benzyl acetate (BA) at a rate of 6 fluid oz/acre. Anon-ionic surfactant (NIS) was utilized in combination with three of thetrials at a rate of 32 fluid ouces per 100 gallons. The results aresummarized in Table 25 and show the organic solvent provided asubstantial bacterial strain growth reduction when compared with thenon-ionic surfactant combined with the same rate of copper hydroxidebactericide.

TABLE 25 % Improvement in radial growth Radial versus NIS growth withsame (cm) at Statistical rate of Treatment Name 72 hours Groupbacteridicde Untreated 481.4 ab Non-Ionic Surfactant (NIS) 521.2 aBenzyl Acetate (BA) 458.5 ab Bactericide (4 lbs/acre) plus NIS 201.8 ghiBactericide (2 lbs/acre) plus NIS 212.4 fgh Bactericide (1 lbs/acre)plus NIS 349.1 cd Bactericide (0.5 lbs/acre) plus NIS 407.7 bcBactericide (4 lbs/acre) plus BA 140.4 ij 30% Bactericide (2 lbs/acre)plus BA 181.8 g-j 14% Bactericide (1 lbs/acre) plus BA 246.5 efg 29%Bactericide (0.5 lbs/acre) plus BA 238 efg 42%

EXAMPLE 21 Fungicide Testing (FRAC Group M)

Petri dish tests (i.e., zone of inhibition tests) were conducted tocompare the efficacy of the combination of Captan (phthalimide andmember of Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Group M4) andThiram (tetramethylthiuram disulfide, dithiocarbamate and member ofFungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Group M3) againstsusceptible strains of Botrytis cinera (grey mold). Various organicsolvent adjuvants were utilized at a rate of 6 oz/acre. The results aresummarized in Table 26 and show the organic solvents provide asubstantial strain growth reduction compared to the FRAC Group M activeingredient utilized alone.

TABLE 26 % Improvement Captan/ Radial in Disease Thiram growth Controlvs. Application (cm) Captan/ Rate at 96 Thiram Treatment Name (lbs/acre)hours alone Captan/Thiram 6.0/4.4 59 n/a Benzyl Propionate plus 6.0/4.421 64% Captan/Thiram Benzyl Propionate plus 4.5/3.3 36 39% Captan/ThiramBenzyl Propionate plus 3.0/2.2 36 39% Captan/Thiram Benzyl Butyrate plusCaptan/Thiram 6.0/4.4 19 68% Benzyl Butyrate plus Captan/Thiram 4.5/3.314 76% Benzyl Butyrate plus Captan/Thiram 3.0/2.2 21 64% DiethylMalonate plus Captan/ 6.0/4.4 14 76 Thiram Diethyl Malonate plus Captan/4.5/3.3 11 81 Thiram Diethyl Malonate plus Captan/ 3.0/2.2 69 −17 Thiram3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol plus 6.0/4.4 16 73% Captan/Thiram3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol plus 4.5/3.3 24 59% Captan/Thiram3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol plus 3.0/2.2 50 15% Captan/Thiram BenzylAcetate plus Captan/Thiram 6.0/4.4 14 76% Benzyl Acetate plusCaptan/Thiram 4.5/3.3 15 75% Benzyl Acetate plus Captan/Thiram 3.0/2.218 69%

Prophetic Example 22

Psyllid (insect) Control

One or more of the organic solvents as provided herein would be combinedwith abamectin to treat citrus mites at a normal use rate according tothe label. The one or more organic solvents would be effectively appliedat a rate of about 6 fluid ounces/acre. A reduced population count wouldbe observed at 3, 6, 9 days after treatment (DAT).

Prophetic Example 23

One or more of the organic solvents as provided herein would be combinedwith spinosad and sprayed on leaf miners at a normal use rate accordingto the label. The one or more organic solvents would be effectivelyapplied at a rate of about 6 fluid ounces/acre. Reduced population couldwould be expected to be observed at 3, 6, and 9 days after treatment(DAT).

1. A pesticidal composition comprising: at least one pesticidal activeingredient; and at least one organic solvent selected from the groupconsisting of benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol,hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, propylene glycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether, propylene carbonate,3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, benzyl benzoate,methyl sailcylate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethyl acetate,phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, and any combinationthereof, wherein the at least one organic solvent increases the efficacyof the at least one pesticidal active ingredient compared to the atleast one pesticidal active ingredient alone.
 2. The pesticidalcomposition of claim 1, wherein the at least one organic solvent isbenzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate,terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propyleneglycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethylether, propylene carbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol,N-methylpyrrolidone, diethyl malonate, or any combination thereof. 3.The pesticidal composition of claim 1, further comprising water, citricacid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine, polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonolaurate, at least one emulsifier compound, at least one antifoamingcompound, at least one antimicrobial agent, at least one buffer, atleast one corrosion inhibitor, at least one dispersing agent, at leastone dye, at least one fragrant, at least one freezing point depressant,at least one neutralizing agent, at least one odorant, at least onepenetration aid, at least one sequestering agent, at least one spraydrift control agent, at least one spreading agent, at least onestabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof.
 4. The pesticidal composition of claim 1, wherein the at leastone pesticidal active ingredient is a fungicide, bactericide, herbicide,insecticide, pesticide, plant growth regulator, or biopesticide.
 5. Thepesticidal composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one pesticidalactive ingredient is a fungicide.
 6. The pesticidal composition of claim1, comprising: from about 1% w/w to about 70% w/w of the at least onepesticidal active ingredient; from about 39% w/w to about 93% w/w of theat least one organic solvent; and from about 2% w/w to about 80% w/w ofwater, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, at least one emulsifier compound,at least one antifoaming compound, at least one antimicrobial agent, atleast one buffer, at least one corrosion inhibitor, at least onedispersing agent, at least one dye, at least one fragrant, at least onefreezing point depressant, at least one neutralizing agent, at least oneodorant, at least one penetration aid, at least one sequestering agent,at least one spray drift control agent, at least one spreading agent, atleast one stabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof.
 7. An adjuvant composition comprising: at least one organicsolvent selected from the group consisting of benzyl acetate, benzylalcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, diethylmalonate, benzyl benzoate, methyl sailcylate, benzyl butyrate, diethylmalonate, ethyl acetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, and any combination thereof, wherein the adjuvant composition,when combined with at least one pesticidal active ingredient, increasesthe efficacy of the at least one pesticidal active ingredient comparedto the at least one pesticidal active ingredient alone.
 8. The adjuvantcomposition of claim 7, wherein the at least one organic solvent isbenzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate,terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propyleneglycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethylether, propylene carbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol,N-methylpyrrolidone, diethyl malonate, or any combination thereof. 9.The adjuvant composition of claim 7, further comprising water, citricacid, potassium hydroxide, cocodimethylamine, polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonolaurate, at least one emulsifier compound, at least one antifoamingcompound, at least one antimicrobial agent, at least one buffer, atleast one corrosion inhibitor, at least one dispersing agent, at leastone dye, at least one fragrant, at least one freezing point depressant,at least one neutralizing agent, at least one odorant, at least onepenetration aid, at least one sequestering agent, at least one spraydrift control agent, at least one spreading agent, at least onestabilizer, at least one sticking agent, at least oneviscosity-modifying additive, at least one preservative, at least oneplasticizer, at least one hydrophobic barrier, at least one UVprotectant, at least one water soluble solvent, or any combinationthereof.
 10. The adjuvant composition of claim 7, wherein the adjuvantcomprises: about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w water; about 0.0% w/w toabout 2.0% w/w potassium hydroxide; about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/wcitric acid; about 0.0% w/w to about 2.0% w/w cocodimethylamine; about20% w/w to about 99% w/w of at least one organic solvent; and about 10%w/w to about 70% w/w of at least one surfactant.
 11. The adjuvantcomposition of claim 7, wherein the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is a fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, insecticide,pesticide, plant growth regulator, or biopesticide.
 12. The adjuvantcomposition of claim 7, wherein the at least one pesticidal activeingredient is a fungicide.
 13. A tank mix pesticidal compositioncomprising: at least one pesticidal active ingredient; at least oneorganic solvent selected from the group consisting of benzyl acetate,benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate,terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate,benzyl propionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylenecarbonate, 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, benzylbenzoate, methyl sailcylate, benzyl butyrate, diethyl malonate, ethylacetate, phenoxy ethyl iso-butyrate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, and anycombination thereof; and water, spray oil, or a combination of water andspray oil.
 14. The tank mix of claim 13, comprising: from about 0.01%w/w to about 5% w/w of the at least one pesticidal active ingredient;from about 0.2% w/w to about 2 w/w% of the at least one organic solvent;and from about 80% w/w to about 99% of water, spray oil, or acombination of water and spray oil.
 15. The tank mix of claim 13,wherein the at least one pesticidal active ingredient is a fungicide,bactericide, herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, plant growth regulator,or biopesticide.
 16. The tank mix of claim 13, wherein the at least oneorganic solvent is benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol,hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, propylene glycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether, propylene carbonate,3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, diethyl malonate, orany combination thereof.
 17. An adjuvant composition for increasing theefficacy of a fungicidal active ingredient, the adjuvant compositioncomprising: at least one organic solvent selected from the groupconsisting of benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol,hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, propylene glycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether, propylene carbonate,3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, diethyl malonate, orany combination thereof, wherein the adjuvant composition, when combinedwith at least one fungicidal active ingredient, increases the efficacyof the at least one fungicidal active ingredient against bothsusceptible and resistant fungicidal strains compared to the at leastone fungicidal active ingredient alone.
 18. The adjuvant composition ofclaim 17, wherein the fungicidal active ingredient is selected from thegroup consisting of methyl benzimidazole carbamates, dicarboximides,demethylation inhibitors, phenyl amides, morpholines, phosphothilates,dithiolanes, carboxamides (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors),hydroxy-(2-amino-)pyrimidines, anilino-pyrimindines, N-phenylcarbamates, quinone outside inhibitors, phenylpyrroles, quinolines,aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatics, melanin biosynthesis inhibitors,hydroxyanilides, thiocarbamates, allylamines, polyoxins, phenylureas,quinone inside inhibitors, benzamides, enopyranuronic acid antibiotic,hexopyranosyl antibiotic, glucopyranosyl antibiotic,cyanoacetamide-oximes, carbamates, dinitorphenyl crotonates,pyrimindine-hydrazones, 2,6-dintiro-anilines, organo tin compounds,carboxylic acids, heteroaromatics, phosphonates, phthalamic acids,benzotriazines, benzene-sulfonamides, pyridazinones,thiophene-carboxamides, pyrimidinamides, carboxylic acid amides,tetracyline antibiotic, thiocarbamate, benzo-thiadiazole,benzisothiazole, thiadiazole-carboxamide, thiazole-carboxamides,benzamidoxime, quinazolinone, benzophenone, acylpicolide, copper,sulfur, dithicarbamates, phthalimides, chloronitriles, sulphamides,guanidines, triazines, quinones, mineral oils, organic oils, andpotassium bicarbonate.
 19. The adjuvant composition of claim 17, whereinthe fungicidal or bactericide active ingredient is selected from thegroup consisting of methyl benzimidazole carbamates, carboxamides(succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors), quinone outside inhibitors,demethylation inhibitors, and anilino-pyrimindines.
 20. The adjuvantcomposition of claim 17, wherein the adjuvant composition, when combinedwith at least one fungicidal or bactericide active ingredient, increasesthe efficacy of the at least one pesticidal active ingredient against aresistant fungal strain compared to the at least one pesticidal activeingredient alone.
 21. An adjuvant composition for increasing theefficacy of a herbicidal active ingredient, the adjuvant compositioncomprising: at least one organic solvent selected from the groupconsisting of benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol,hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalylacetate, propylene glycol diacetate, benzyl propionate, dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether, propylene carbonate,3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, diethyl malonate, orany combination thereof, wherein the adjuvant composition, when combinedwith at least one herbicidal active ingredient, increases the efficacyof the at least one herbicial active ingredient compared to the at leastone herbicidal active ingredient alone.
 22. The adjuvant composition ofclaim 21, wherein the at least one herbicial active ingredient isN,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride and the at least one organicsolvent is benzyl acetate.
 23. An adjuvant composition for increasingthe efficacy of a bactericide active ingredient, the adjuvantcomposition comprising: at least one organic solvent selected from thegroup consisting of benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethylalcohol, hexyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, terpineol, geranyl acetate,linalyl acetate, propylene glycol diacetate, benzyl propionate,dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene carbonate,3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, diethyl malonate, orany combination thereof, wherein the adjuvant composition, when combinedwith at least one bactericide active ingredient, increases the efficacyof the at least one bactericide active ingredient compared to the atleast one bactericide active ingredient alone.
 24. The adjuvantcomposition of claim 21, wherein the at least one bactericide activeingredient comprises phthalimide and dithiocarbamate and the at leastone organic solvent is diethyl malonate.